Abstract
Regulatory assessment of the effects of chemicals requires the availability of validated tests representing different environments and organisms. In this context, developing new tests is particularly needed for marine species from temperate environments. It is also important to evaluate effects that are generally poorly characterized and seldom included in regulatory tests. In this study, we designed an exposure protocol using European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. We examined classical toxicological values (LCx) as well as behavioral responses. By comparing different hatching and breeding strategies, we defined the optimal conditions of exposure as non-agitated conditions in 24- or 48-well microplates. Our exposure protocol was then tested with 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA), a recommended reference molecule. Based on our results, the 96 h LC50 for 3,4-DCA corresponded to 2.04 mg/L while the 168 h LC50 to 0.79 mg/L. Behavioral analyses showed no effect of 3,4-DCA at low concentration (0.25 mg/L). In conclusion, the present work established the basis for a new test which includes behavioral analysis and shows that the use of sea bass is suitable to early-life stage toxicity tests.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Marie Laure Begout and Xavier Cousin (LAAS, IFREMER) for sharing their valued skills and knowledge on embryo-larval test development and acknowledge Hamza Slamene, Guillaume Dreux, and Alexandre Le Bourdais for their contribution with the practical work. The authors thank the Normandie Region (program LITOTES), the institute IFREMER (program PENELOP), and the Research Federation FR CNRS 3730 SCALE (Sciences Appliquées à L’Environnement) for their financial support.
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This work was supported by the Normandie Region (program LITOTES), the urban community Le Havre Seine Metropole, the IFREMER institute (program PENELOP), and the Research Federation FR CNRS 3730 SCALE (Sciences Appliquées à L’Environnement). Dr S. Aroua and C. Minier gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the European Union through the Interreg France (Channel) England “RedPol” project. S. S. is a recipient of a PhD grant from the urban community LHSM (Le Havre Seine Métropole).
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MP. H. L., C. J. A., and S. A. designed the study; S. S., MP. H. L., C. J. A., and S. A. carried out the experiment and performed data analyses. S. S., MP. H. L., C. J. A., C. M., and S. A. wrote or contributed to the writing of the manuscript.
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Soloperto, ., Aroua, S., Jozet-Alves, C. et al. Development of an exposure protocol for toxicity test (FEET) for a marine species: the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 15777–15790 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16785-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16785-z