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Biomarker-assisted assessment of aquatic health using the cosmopolitan common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L): a case study of bisphenol-A exposures

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Abstract

Monitoring aquatic health from environmental pollutants is critical, none more so than bisphenol-A (BPA), a ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). The present study brings out the responses of selected transcripts, hormone levels, and tissue histomorphology in a widely distributed fish species Cyprinus carpio (Linn.), following exposure to environmentally relevant (10, 100 ng/L) and higher (1000 ng/L) concentration of BPA. The response of cyp19a1a, cyp19a1b, and c3 significantly decreased, while that of vtg increased in their respective tissue domains. The hematological parameters TEC, Hb, and Hct decreased significantly in contrast to TLC (p < 0.05) at all exposure concentrations, whereas none of the erythrocytic indices (MCV, MCH, and MCHC) was perturbed. The steroidogenic hormone levels, such as estradiol and progesterone, increased significantly with increasing BPA concentrations. In contrast, the testosterone and all the thyroid hormones (T3, T4, and TSH) were suppressed significantly (p < 0.05). At the histological level, the BPA induced chondrocyte proliferation, which was accompanied by hemorrhage of the gill lamellae, increased melanomacrophagic centers (MMCs), and degeneration of tubules and fluid accumulation in the kidney. In parallel, binucleated hepatocytes and inflammations were prominent in the liver. Collectively, the histomorphology confirmed induction of degenerative effects in all the tissues investigated, while the cyclic responses of biochemical markers suggest an ability to regulate the impacts. However, a chronic exposure could result in overriding the endemic reproductive pathways with potential population-level effects. In conclusion, the study identified multiple molecular, cellular, and physiological markers that could be employed to detect early signs of BPA and more broadly EDC exposures. These markers in combination with a wide distribution of C. carpio should allow comparative studies of pollutants at environmental concentrations.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Dean, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India, for the facilities and for making the study possible. Authors extend their gratitude to the Head, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Sciences and Head, Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Biotechnology GADVASU, for providing microscopy and real-time PCR facilities. The authors thank anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticisms and editorial suggestions which has improved the manuscript and for its better presentation.

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  1. Department of Aquatic Environment, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Shanthanagouda Admane Holeyappa & Naveenkumar Billekallu Thammegowda

  2. Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Amandeep Kaur, Meera D. Ansal & Vaneet Inder Kaur

  3. Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Neelam Bansal

  4. Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

    Jawahar G. Patil

  5. College of Animal Biotechnology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Ram Saran Sethi

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Contributions

S.A.H., A.K., and N.B. performed the work; S.A.H., M.D.A., and J.G.P.: conceptualization of the experiment and wrote the manuscript; S.A.H., N.B.T., V.I.K., and R.S.S. analyzed the data. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Shanthanagouda Admane Holeyappa or Meera D. Ansal.

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Experiments were conducted as per the guidelines for care and use of animals of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA).

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Holeyappa, S.A., Kaur, A., Bansal, N. et al. Biomarker-assisted assessment of aquatic health using the cosmopolitan common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L): a case study of bisphenol-A exposures. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 14206–14218 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16778-y

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