Abstract
Herbicide mixtures have often been used to control weeds in crops worldwide, but the behavior of these mixtures in the environment is still poorly understood. Laboratory and greenhouse tests have been conducted to study the interaction of the herbicides diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl which have been applied alone and in binary and ternary mixtures in the processes of sorption, desorption, half-life, and leaching in the soil. A new index of the risk of leaching of these herbicides has also been proposed. The sorption and desorption study has been carried out by the batch equilibrium method. The dissipation of the herbicides has been evaluated for 180 days to determine the half-life (t1/2). The leaching tests have been carried out on soil columns. The herbicides isolated and in mixtures have been quantified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to the mass spectrometer. Diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl in binary and ternary mixtures have less sorption capacity and greater desorption when compared to these isolated herbicides. Dissipation of diuron alone is slower, with a half-life (t1/2) = 101 days compared to mixtures (t1/2 between 44 and 66 days). For hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl, the dissipation rate is lower in mixtures (t1/2 over 26 and 16 days), with a more pronounced effect in mixtures with the presence of diuron (t1/2 = 47 and 56 and 17 and 22 days). The binary and ternary mixtures of diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl promoted more significant transport in depth (with the three herbicides quantified to depth P4, P7, and P7, respectively) compared to the application of these isolated herbicides (quantified to depth P2, P4, and P5). Considering the herbicides’ desorption and solubility, the new index proposed to estimate the leaching potential allowed a more rigorous assessment concerning the risk of leaching these pesticides, with hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl presenting a higher risk of contamination of groundwater.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
AGROFIT (2021) Sistema de Agrotóxicos Fitossanitários. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, 2021. Available in: http://agrofit.agricultura.gov.br/agrofit_cons/principal_agrofit_cons. Accessed 18 Jan 2021
Almeida CS, Mendes KF, Junqueira LV, Alonso FG, Chitolina GM, Tornisielo VL (2020) Diuron sorption, desorption and degradation in anthropogenic soils compared to sandy soil. Planta Daninha 38:e020217146. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582020380100034
Alvarez DO, Mendes KF, Tosi M, de Souza LF, Cedano JCC, de Souza Falcão NP, Dunfield K, Tsai SM, Tornisielo VL (2021) Sorption-desorption and biodegradation of sulfometuron-methyl and its effects on the bacterial communities in Amazonian soils amended with aged biochar. Ecotox Environ Safe 207:111222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111222
ANVISA (2020) Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (2017). Guia para tratamento estatístico da validação analítica. Available in: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/2721567/%281%29Guia+10+v1+Tratamento+estatistico+validacao+analitica.pdf/85b0e965-d72f-4b7c-bd2e-17de13af1976. Accessed 16 Jan 2020
Calegari RP, Mendes KF, Martins BC, Pimpinato RF, Baptista AS, Tornisielo VL (2018) Removal of diuron and hexazinone from public water supply using a filter system. Planta Daninha 36:e018183662. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582018360100147
Carles L, Joly M, Bonnemoy F, Leremboure M, Donnadieu F, Batisson I, Besse-Hoggan P (2018) Biodegradation and toxicity of a maize herbicide mixture: mesotrione, nicosulfuron and S-metolachlor. J Hazard Mater 354:42–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.045
Carneiro GDOP, de Freitas SM, Lins HA, PSF DC, Silva TS, da Silva Teófilo TM, Pavão QS, Grangeiro LC, Silva DV (2020) Herbicide mixtures affect adsorption processes in soils under sugarcane cultivation. Geoderma 379:114626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114626
Chen PY (1977) Table of key lines in X-ray powder diffraction patterns of minerals in clays and associated rocks: Geological Survey Occasional Paper 21. Indiana Geological Survey Report, Bloomington, p 67
Chin-Pampillo JS, Perez-Villanueva M, Masis-Mora M, Mora-Dittel T, Carazo-Rojas E, Alcañiz JM, Chinchilla-Soto C, Domene X (2021) Amendments with pyrolyzed agrowastes change bromacil and diuron’s sorption and persistence in a tropical soil without modifying their environmental risk. Sci Total Environ 772:145515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145515
Conde-Cid M, Ferreira-Coelho G, Núñez-Delgado A, Fernández-Calviño D, Arias-Estévez M, Álvarez-Rodríguez E, Fernández-Sanjurjo MJ (2019) Competitive adsorption of tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline on soils with different pH value and organic matter content. Environ Res 178:108669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108669
Das Chagas PSF, de Freitas Souza M, JLD D, de Oliveira Junior RS, de Sousa Nunes GH, GAM P, Silva TS, ABRJ P, dos Santos JB, Silva DV (2019) Multivariate analysis reveals significant diuron-related changes in the soil composition of different Brazilian regions. Sci Rep-UK 9(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44405-x
de Araújo Fiore R, dos Santos JB, Ferreira EA, Cabral CM, Laia M, Silva DV, de Freitas SM (2019) Selection of arboreal species to compose and remedy riparian forests next to agricultural areas. Ecol Eng 131:9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.02.023
Di Bernardo DA, Paschoalato CF, Martinez MS, Ballejo RR, Di Bernardo L (2011) Removal of diuron and hexazinone from Guarany aquifer groundwater. Braz J Chem Eng 28(3):415–424
Dobrzanski T, Gravina F, Steckling B, Olchanheski LR, Sprenger RF, Espírito Santo BC, Galvão CW, Reche PM, Prestes RA, Pileggi SAV, Campos FR, Azevedo RA, Sadowsky MJ, Beltrame FL, Pileggi M (2018) Bacillus megaterium strains derived from water and soil exhibit differential responses to the herbicide mesotrione. PloS ONE 13(4):e0196166. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196166
Dos Reis FC, Tornisielo VL, Pimpinato RF, Martins BA, Victória Filho R (2017) Leaching of diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl applied alone and in mixture in soils with contrasting textures. J Agric Food Chem 65(13):2645–2650. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05127
Dos Santos LOG, Souza MDF, Das Chagas PSF, Fernandes BCC, Silva TS, Dallabona Dombroski JL, Souza CMM, Silva DV (2019) Effect of liming on hexazinone sorption and desorption behavior in various soils. Arch Agron Soil Sci 65(9):1183–1195. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2018.1557323
Dusek J, Dohnal M, Vogel T, Ray C (2011) Field leaching of pesticides at five test sites in Hawaii: modeling flow and transport. Pest Manag Sci 67(12):1571–1582. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1914
El-Nahhal Y, Hamdona N (2017) Adsorption, leaching and phytotoxicity of some herbicides as single and mixtures to some crops. J Assoc Arab U Basic Appl Sci 22:17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2016.01.001
Fang G, Chen J, Wang J, He J, Wang S (2010) N-Methylimidazolium ionic liquid-functionalized silica as a sorbent for selective solid-phase extraction of 12 sulfonylurea herbicides in environmental water and soil samples. J Chromatogr A 1217(10):1567–1574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.010
Fernandes BCC, Mendes KF, Tornisielo VL, Teófilo TMS, Takeshita V, das Chagas PSF, Lins HA, Souza MF, Silva DV (2021) Effect of pyrolysis temperature on eucalyptus wood residues biochar on availability and transport of hexazinone in soil. Int J Environ Sci Te 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03147-y
Ferrer C, Lozano A, Agüera A, Girón AJ, Fernández-Alba AR (2011) Overcoming matrix effects using the dilution approach in multiresidue methods for fruits and vegetables. J Chromatogr A 1218(42):7634–7639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.033
García-Delgado C, Marín-Benito JM, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Rodríguez-Cruz MS (2020) Organic carbon nature determines the capacity of organic amendments to adsorb pesticides in soil. J Hazard Mater 390:122162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122162
Gianelli VR, Bedmar F, Costa JL (2014) Persistence and sorption of imazapyr in three Argentinean soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 33(1):29–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2400
Guimarães ACD, Mendes KF, Dos Reis FC, Campion TF, Christoffoleti PJ, Tornisielo VL (2018) Role of soil physicochemical properties in quantifying the fate of diuron, hexazinone, and metribuzin. Environ Sci Pollut R 25(13):12419–12433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1469-5
Gustafson DI (1989) Groundwater ubiquity score: a simple method for assessing pesticide leachability. Environ Toxicol Chem 8(4):339–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080411
Jin X, Ren J, Wang B, Lu Q, Yu Y (2013) Impact of coexistence of carbendazim, atrazine, and imidacloprid on their adsorption, desorption, and mobility in soil. Environ Sci Pollut R 20(9):6282–6289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1657-2
Jonsson CM, Moura MA, Ferracini VL, Paraíba LC, Assalin MR, Queiroz SC (2019) Bioconcentrations of herbicides used in sugarcane crops in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the risk for human consumption. Heliyon 5(8):e02237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02237
Joseph DD, Marshall MW, Sanders CH (2018) Efficacy of 2, 4-D, dicamba, glufosinate and glyphosate combinations on selected broadleaf weed heights. Am J Plant Sci 9(6):1321–1333. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.96097
Kaczyński P (2017) Clean-up and matrix effect in LC-MS/MS analysis of food of plant origin for high polar herbicides. Food Chem 230:524–531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.091
Kaur P, Kaur P (2018) Time and temperature dependent adsorption-desorption behaviour of pretilachlor in soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 161:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.081
Khairy M, Ayoub HA, Rashwan FA, Abdel-Hafez HF (2018) Chemical modification of commercial kaolin for mitigation of organic pollutants in environment via adsorption and generation of inorganic pesticides. Appl Clay Sci 153:124–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.12.014
Kraus M, Trommler U, Holzer F, Kopinke FD, Roland U (2018) Competing adsorption of toluene and water on various zeolites. Chem Eng J 351:356–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.06.128
Lalah JO, Muendo BM, Getenga ZM (2009) The dissipation of hexazinone in tropical soils under semi-controlled field conditions in Kenya. J Environ Sci Heal B 44(7):690–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601230903163772
Li M, Zhao Z, Wu X, Zhou W, Zhu L (2017) Impact of mineral components in cow manure biochars on the adsorption and competitive adsorption of oxytetracycline and carbaryl. Rsc Adv 7(4):2127–2136. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA26534K
Li H, Feng Y, Li X, Zeng D (2018) Analytical confirmation of various herbicides in drinking water resources in sugarcane production regions of Guangxi, China. B Environ Contam Tox 100(6):815–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2324-6
Łozowicka B, Rutkowska E, Jankowska M (2017) Influence of QuEChERS modifications on recovery and matrix effect during the multi-residue pesticide analysis in soil by GC/MS/MS and GC/ECD/NPD. Environ Sci Pollut R 24(8):7124–7138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8334-1
Maitlo HA, Kim KH, Khan A, Szulejko JE, Kim JC, Song HN, Ahn WS (2019) Competitive adsorption of gaseous aromatic hydrocarbons in a binary mixture on nanoporous covalent organic polymers at various partial pressures. Environ Res 173:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.028
Mamy L, Barriuso E (2007) Desorption and time-dependent sorption of herbicides in soils. Eur J Soil Sci 58(1):174–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00822.x
Masson S, Gineys M, Delpeux-Ouldriane S, Reinert L, Guittonneau S, Béguin F, Duclaux L (2016) Single, binary, and mixture adsorption of nine organic contaminants onto a microporous and a microporous/mesoporous activated carbon cloth. Micropor Mesopor Mat 234:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.07.001
Mendes KF, Inoue MH, Goulart MO, Pimpinato RF, Tornisielo VL (2016) Leaching of a mixture of hexazinone, sulfometuron-methyl, and diuron applied to soils of contrasting textures. Water Air Soil Poll 227(8):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2954-4
Michael JL, Webber EC Jr, Bayne DR, Fischer JB, Gibbs HL, Seesock WC (1999) Hexazinone dissipation in forest ecosystems and impacts on aquatic communities. Can J Forest Res 29(7):1170–1181. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-028
Munira S, Farenhorst A, Sapkota K, Nilsson D, Sheedy C (2018) Auxin herbicides and pesticide mixtures in groundwater of a Canadian prairie province. J Environ Qual 47(6):1462–1467. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2018.05.0202
Neto MDDC, Souza MDF, Silva DV, Faria AT, da Silva AA, Pereira GAM, de Freitas MAM (2017) Leaching of imidazolinones in soils under a clearfield system. Arch Agron Soil Sci 63(7):897–906. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2016.1249471
OECD (2000) Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD - guidelines for testing of chemicals: adsorption, 106. OECD 2000
OECD (2004) Guidelines for testing of chemicals. Test Number 312: Leaching in Soil Columns OECD, Paris
Olu-Owolabi BI, Alabi AH, Diagboya PN, Unuabonah EI, Düring RA (2017) Adsorptive removal of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol in aqueous solution using calcined kaolinite-biomass composites. J Environ Manage 192:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.055
Pang N, Wang T, Hu J (2016) Method validation and dissipation kinetics of four herbicides in maize and soil using QuEChERS sample preparation and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 190:793–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.081
Passos ABR, Freitas MAM, Gonçalves VA, Silva GS, da Silva AA, Queiroz MEL, Lima CS, Silva DV (2015) Leaching of sulfentrazone in soils of reforestation in Brazil. Environ Earth Sci 74(2):1211–1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4110-7
Passos ABR, Souza MF, Silva DV, Saraiva DT, da Silva AA, Zanuncio JC, Gonçalves BFS (2018) Persistence of picloram in soil with different vegetation managements. Environ Sci Pollut R 25(24):23986–23991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2443-y
Passos ABR, Souza MF, Saraiva DT, da Silva AA, Queiroz MEL, Carvalho FP, Silva DV (2019) Effects of liming and Urochloa brizantha management on leaching potential of picloram. Water Air Soil Poll 230(1):12–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.081
Pérez-Lucas G, Gambín M, Navarro S (2020) Leaching behaviour appraisal of eight persistent herbicides on a loam soil amended with different composted organic wastes using screening indices. J Environ Manage 273:111179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111179
Pino N, Peñuela G (2011) Simultaneous degradation of the pesticides methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos by an isolated bacterial consortium from a contaminated site. Int Biodeter Biodegr 65(6):827–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2011.06.001
PPDB (2021) Pesticide properties database. University of Hertfordshire. Available in: http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/index2.htm Accessed 10 Jan 2021
Reis FC, Victoria Filho R, Andrade MT, Barroso AAM (2019) Use of Herbicides in Sugarcane in the São Paulo State. Planta Daninha 37:e019184227. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582019370100064
Santos EA, Correia NM, Silva JRM, Velini ED, Passos ABRJ, Durigan JC (2015) Herbicide detection in groundwater in Córrego Rico-SP watershed. Planta Daninha 33(1):147–155. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582015000100017
Schmidtová Z, Kodešová R, Grabicová K, Kočárek M, Fér M, Švecová H, Klement A, Nikodem A, Grabic R (2020) Competitive and synergic sorption of carbamazepine, citalopram, clindamycin, fexofenadine, irbesartan and sulfamethoxazole in seven soils. J Contam Hydrol 234:103680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103680
Shareef A, Page D, Vanderzalm J, Williams M, Gupta VVSR, Dillon P, Kookana R (2014) Biodegradation of simazine and diuron herbicides under aerobic and anoxic conditions relevant to managed aquifer recharge of storm water. Clean-Soil Air Water 42(6):745–752. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201300092
Siek M, Paszko T (2019) Factors affecting coupled degradation and time-dependent sorption processes of tebuconazole in mineral soil profiles. Sci Total Environ 690:1035–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.409
Silva TS, de Freitas SM, da Silva Teófilo TM, Dos Santos MS, Porto MAF, Souza CMM, dos Santos JB, Silva DV (2019) Use of neural networks to estimate the sorption and desorption coefficients of herbicides: A case study of diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl in Brazil. Chemosphere 236:124333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.064
Singh N, Singh SB (2012) Sorption-desorption behavior of metsulfuron-methyl and sulfosulfuron in soils. J Environ Sci Heal B 47(3):168–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2012.632262
Su W, Hao H, Ding M, Wu R, Xu H, Xue F, Shen C, Sun L, Lu C (2019) Adsorption and degradation of imazapic in soils under different environmental conditions. PLoS ONE 14(7):e0219462. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219462
Swarcewicz MK, Gregorczyk A (2012) The effects of pesticide mixtures on degradation of pendimethalin in soils. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(5):3077–3084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2172-x
Takeshita V, Mendes KF, Christoffoleti PJ, Luiz V (2019) Sorption-desorption isotherms of diuron alone and in a soil mixture of different physico-chemical properties. Afr J Agr Res 14(13):672–679. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2019.13885
Team R Core (2019) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (Version 3.6. 1) R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2019
Teixeira PC (ed) (2017) Manual de métodos de análise de solo. 3ª. ed. ver. ampl-Brasília-DF. Embrapa Informação Tecnológica; Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos, 2017. 574 p
Villaverde J, Rubio-Bellido M, Merchán F, Morillo E (2017) Bioremediation of diuron contaminated soils by a novel degrading microbial consortium. J Environ Manage 188:379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.020
Wang H, Wang C, Chen F, Ma M, Lin Z, Wang W, Xu Z, Wang X (2012) Modification to degradation of hexazinone in forest soils amended with sewage sludge. J Hazard Mater 199:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.073
Webster EP, Teló GM, Blouin DC, McKnight BM (2018) Imazethapyr plus propanil mixtures in imidazolinone-resistant rice. Weed Technol 32(1):45–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.83
White JC, Pignatello JJ (1999) Influence of bisolute competition on the desorption kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Environ Sci Technol 33(23):4292–4298. https://doi.org/10.1021/es990537g
Wu C, Liu X, Wu X, Dong F, Xu J, Zheng Y (2019) Sorption, degradation and bioavailability of oxyfluorfen in biochar-amended soils. Sci Total Environ 658:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.059
Xiaoqiang CHU, Hua FANG, Xuedong PAN, Xiao WANG, Min SHAN, Bo FENG, Yunlong YU (2008) Degradation of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with chlorothalonil and their effects on soil microbial populations. J Environ Sci 20(4):464–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62080-X
Yavari S, Sapari NB, Malakahmad A, Yavari S (2019) Degradation of imazapic and imazapyr herbicides in the presence of optimized oil palm empty fruit bunch and rice husk biochars in soil. J Hazard Mate 366:636–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.022
Yavari S, Sapari NB, Malakahmad A, Razali MAB, Gervais TS, Yavari S (2020) Adsorption–desorption behavior of polar imidazolinone herbicides in tropical paddy fields soils. B Environ Contam Tox 104(1):121–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02759-y
Zhan J, Liang Y, Liu D, Ma X, Li P, Liu C, Liu X, Wang P, Zhou Z (2018) Antibiotics may increase triazine herbicide exposure risk via disturbing gut microbiota. Microbiome 6(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0602-5
Zhelezova A, Cederlund H, Stenström J (2017) Effect of biochar amendment and ageing on adsorption and degradation of two herbicides. Water Air Soil Poll 228(6):216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3392-7
Zhonglin Z, Zhengjun S, Daoji C (1998) Evaluation on effect of hexazinone on eco-environment. Adv Environ Sci 6:11–20
Funding
This work was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Brazil, Finance Code 001, and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) - Finance Code 426539/2016-8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
TSS and MFS: interpretation, writing original draft, review and editing. RCAM: methodology. DVS: conceptualization, methodology, and review. PSFC, HAL, and CCS: methodology and analysis. CMMS and VM: suggestions in methodology framework and review.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ester Heath
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
ESM 1
(DOC 943 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Silva, T.S., Araújo de Medeiros, R., Silva, D.V. et al. Interaction between herbicides applied in mixtures alters the conception of its environmental impact. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 15127–15143 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16644-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16644-x