Abstract
The insecticide fipronil and the herbicide 2,4-D are the most applied pesticides in sugarcane crops leading to aquatic contamination. The whole-body bioconcentration of fipronil and 2,4-D, single and in mixture, was evaluated in Danio rerio after 96-h exposure. The activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase(GST) in whole body and in the gills and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in muscle were determined. The gill histopathology and the morphology of the pavement (PVC) and the mitochondria-rich(MRC) cells at gill surface were analyzed. Bioconcentration occurred after exposure to fipronil (2.69 L kg−1) and 2,4-D (1.73 L kg−1) single and in mixture of fipronil (3.10 L kg−1) and 2,4-D (1.27 L kg−1). Whole-body CAT activity was unchanged, and its activity decreased in the gills after exposure to fipronil and increased after exposure to 2,4-D and mixture. GST and AChE increased after single exposure to each pesticide and mixture of both. Fish exposed to mixture increased the MRC fractional area (MRCFA) which suggested possible ionic regulation disturbance and reduced the microridge of the PVC surface. Synergistic interactions occurred in the CAT activity and MRCFA after exposure to mixture of pesticides. The results indicate that the recommended application dose of fipronil and 2,4-D, single or in mixture, for sugarcane crops affects this fish species altering its homeostasis.
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Data availability
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Universidad Nacional de Cordoba (Argentine) for facilities and chemical analyses and the CRHEA/USP team for facilities. N.P. Viana and N. Portruneli acknowledge the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personal (CAPES, Financial code 001) for the scholarship support.
Funding
This study was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, Grant no. 2015/18790-3), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Proc. 306818/2020-5), and Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personal (CAPES, Financial code 001).
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Natália Prudêncio Viana: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, and writing
Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva: Methodology and investigation
Natália Portrunelli: Methodology, investigation, and formal analysis
Michelly Pereira Soares: Methodology and investigation
Israel Luz Cardoso: Methodology and investigation
Rocío Inés Bonansea: Methodology and investigation
Bianca Veloso Goulart: Methodology and investigation
Cassiana Carolina Montagner Raimundo: Methodology and investigation
Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola: Investigation, resources, and funding acquisition
Daniel Alberto Wunderlin: Methodology, resources, and funding acquisition
Marisa Narciso Fernandes: Conceptualization, resources, funding acquisition, writing - review and editing, and supervision
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Highlights
1. Fipronil and 2,4-D exposure single and in mixture bioconcentrate in Danio rerio.
2. Fipronil inhibits catalase, and 2,4-D and mixture increase its activity in the gill.
3. Fipronil, 2,4-D, and mixture increase AChE activity and histopathological index.
4. Pesticide mixture shows synergism in catalase activity and mitochondria-rich cell.
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Viana, .P., da Silva, L.C.M., Portruneli, N. et al. Bioconcentration and toxicological impacts of fipronil and 2,4-D commercial formulations (single and in mixture) in the tropical fish, Danio rerio.. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 11685–11698 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16352-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16352-6