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Impact of the mixture verses solo residue management and climatic conditions on soil microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen ratio: a systematic review

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Abstract

Cover crops (CCs) have been increasingly cultivated to boost soil quality, crop yield, and minimize environmental degradation compared with no cover crops (NCCs). There is no consensus of CCs under different climatic conditions on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen ratio (SMBC/SMBN) are yet documented. Thus, a global meta-analysis of 40 currently available literature was carried out to elucidate the effect of CCs on SMBC and SMBN, and its ratio for cash and cover cropping systems was conducted. Our findings demonstrated that CCs increased SMBC, SMBN, and SMBC/SMBN ratios by 39, 51, and 20%, respectively, as compared to NCCs. The categorical meta-analyzes showed that the mixture of legume and nonlegume CCs decreased the SMBC, SMBN, and SMBC/SMBN ratios relative to the sole legume or nonlegume CCs. Nonlegume CCs enhanced the SMBC, SMBN, and SMBC/SMBN ratio compared to legume CCs. When CCs residues were incorporated into the soil or surface mulched, the SMBC and SMBN increased compared to the removal of residues. The effect of CCs on the SMBN and SMBC/SMBN ratio was higher in medium-textured soils compared to coarser or fine-textured soils, but coarser-textured soils have a higher SMBC. The effect of CCs on SMBN and SMBC/SMBN ratio was prominent on medium-textured soils having soil organic carbon (SOC) in the range of 10–20 mg g−1, pH > 6.5, and total nitrogen (TN) in the range of 1–2%. It was concluded that CCs enhanced SMBC, SMBN, and its ratio compared to NCCs. The response, however, varied depending on the soil properties and climatic region. Cover crops can boost the biological soil’s health by increasing the microbial population’s abundance compared to NCCs.

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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study have been attached to the supplementary file and are also available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31760354) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (2019GXNSFAA185028).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China

    Ihsan Muhammad, Shakeel Ahmad, Li Yang, Izhar Ali, Muhammad Zeeshan, Saif Ullah & Xun Bo Zhou

  2. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127, China

    Jun Wang & Shah Fahad

  3. Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Ahmad Khan

  4. Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Shamsher Ali

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  1. Ihsan Muhammad
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Contributions

Conceptualization, I. M., X. B. Z., and A. K.; Methodology, I. M. and S. A.; Investigation, I. M., M. Z., S. F., S. A. and S. U.; Resources, X. B. Z., ; Data curation, Y.L., I. M., I, A., and S. A.; Writing original draft preparation, I. M.; Writing review and editing, A. K., and W. J.,; Supervision, X. B. Z.,. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Xun Bo Zhou.

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Muhammad, ., Wang, J., Khan, A. et al. Impact of the mixture verses solo residue management and climatic conditions on soil microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen ratio: a systematic review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 64241–64252 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15579-7

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