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Seasonal changes in dissolved trace elements and human health risk in the upper and middle reaches of the Bhavani River, southern India

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Abstract

The surface water is a significant feature in the hydrological system and is a vital compound for life growth. Assessment of trace elements in the water bodies is essential since it poses huge threats to aquatic organisms and humans if present in high concentrations. This study was carried out to assess the seasonal changes in the dissolved trace elements concentration in Bhavani river, which is one of the major rivers of Tamil Nadu, southern India and also to assess the human health risk due to its consumption. A total of 46 surface water samples were collected along the river during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon of 2018 and were analyzed for various trace elements such as Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Pb. The variation in trace element concentration is observed spatially, where higher concentration is found in samples from agricultural and urban areas than the samples from the undisturbed natural-mountain terrains. The results highlighted that the concentrations of trace elements differ temporally where the concentration is greater during the monsoon due to increased discharge of sewage and agricultural run off to the river. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates stronger relationship between trace elements and other physio-chemical parameters hinting that natural and anthropogenic sources alters the riverine chemistry. Thus, the rainfall–runoff characteristics along with lithology, topography, and landuse of the basin plays a dominant role in the seasonal variation of dissolved trace elements. The water quality index value shows “good/excellent” during pre-monsoon and “marginal/fair” during monsoon season and the Heavy Metal Pollution Index values were also low during both the seasons. The river water samples which defy these indices were found to be either from urban or agricultural lands. The oral and dermal ingestion health risk to adults was assessed, which indicates that the risks posed to humans by consumption of water were minimal. The trace metal concentration of the river was then compared with the other rivers of world and India, where it shows that Zn, Cu, and Ni concentration was higher in Bhavani than in most of the rivers. Thus, the study highlighted that the urban settlements and agricultural lands have a considerable influence on river quality thereby triggering the increase in trace element concentrations. Therefore, the study necessitates on the continuous monitoring of river along with adoption of stringent discharge protocols.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work funded by the University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India through Dr. D.S. Kothari Post Doctoral Fellowship scheme (Ref No.F.4-2/2006 (BSR)/ES/16-17/0017). The author AY thanks the UGC, New Delhi, providing the fellowship. The authors also acknowledge the funding received from the Indo German Partnership in Climate and Water Research (IGCaWR) by the University Grants Commission, India (Grant No. F.No.1-8/2020(IC)) & German Academic Exchange Service DAAD (Project number: 57553618).

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  1. Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India

    Arumugam Yuvaraja, Lakshmanan Elango, Ramesh RamyaPriya & Ganesan Gowrisankar

  2. State Ground and Surface Water Resources Data Centre, Public Works Department, Tharamani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600113, India

    Sitthuraji Suganthi

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  1. Arumugam Yuvaraja
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A.Y. and L.E initiated and designed the study. A.Y., G.G, and S.S collected the samples. A.Y. and G.G. carried out the chemical analysis and S.S prepared spatial maps. A.Y. initially drafted the manuscript. R.R and L.E. have jointly interpreted the data, revised, and completed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Yuvaraja, ., Elango, L., RamyaPriya, R. et al. Seasonal changes in dissolved trace elements and human health risk in the upper and middle reaches of the Bhavani River, southern India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 3629–3647 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15384-2

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