Abstract
In this study, six rivers exposed to important agricultural and industrial discharges were selected in Samsun, the region of Mid-Black Sea region. During the wet (February) and dry (July) seasons of 2022, river water samples were taken and analyzes were made using 36 water quality parameters, 19 of which were PTE. In the evaluation of the quality of these surface waters, water quality index, heavy metal indices, human health evaluation indices and multivariate statistical analyzes were used. In some results, Fe (260.9–804.9 µg/L) and Al (392.9–1411.5 µg/L) metals exceeded the limit standard values, while other PTEs remained within the limit standard values. In addition, seasonal significant differences were found in TOC, TP, NO3–N, NH4–N, TSS, phenol, hardness and temperature parameters (p < 0.05). On the other hand, three main components were identified explaining 91.21% of the water quality change with PCA, indicating that the sources of pollution were anthropogenic. As for the WQI values, they were determined to be higher in the wet seasons (29.12–67.26) than in the dry seasons (9.47–31.66). The Kızılırmak River has been exposed to the most intense pollution among the six rivers. In this river, the WQI, HPI and HEI values in the rainy season were 67.26, 21.21 and 18.84, respectively. It was determined that Cd and Pb values did not have any side effects except for the As value in the river where CR is low in adults. However, it was found that the As value (1.3E-04) in the Kızılırmak River is higher than the CR predicted standard limit (> 1.0E-04).
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- PTEs:
-
Potentially Toxic Elements
- WQI:
-
Water Quality Index
- HPI:
-
Heavy Metal Pollution Index
- HEI:
-
Heavy Metal Evaluation Index
- HQ:
-
Hazard Quotient
- HI:
-
Hazard Index
- CR:
-
Carcinogenic Risk
- PCA:
-
Principal Component Analysis
- PCs:
-
Principal Components
- HCA:
-
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
- PCC:
-
Pearson Correlation Coefficient
- GPS:
-
Global Posing System
- T:
-
Temperature
- DO:
-
Dissolved Oxygen
- EC:
-
Electrical Conductivity
- TDS:
-
Total Dissolved Solids
- TP:
-
Total Phosphorus
- NO3-N:
-
Nitrate-Nitrogen
- NO2-N:
-
Nitrite-Nitrogen
- NH4–N:
-
Ammonia–Nitrogen
- SO4 :
-
Sulfate
- TOC:
-
Total Organic Carbon
- TIC:
-
Total Inorganic Carbon
- TC:
-
Total Carbon
- TSS:
-
Total Suspended Solids
- Al:
-
Aluminum
- Sb:
-
Antimony
- As:
-
Arsenic
- Ba:
-
Barium
- Be:
-
Beryllium
- B:
-
Boron
- Cd:
-
Cadmium
- Cr:
-
Chromium
- Co:
-
Cobalt
- Cu:
-
Copper
- Fe:
-
Iron
- Pb:
-
Lead
- Mn:
-
Manganese
- Hg:
-
Mercury
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- Se:
-
Selenium
- Ag:
-
Silver
- V:
-
Vanadium
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- IPC-MS:
-
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer
- LOD:
-
Limit of Detection
- LOQ:
-
Limit of Quantification
- MAC:
-
Maximum Allowable Concentration
- ADD:
-
Average Daily Dose
- RfD:
-
Reference Dose
- US EPA:
-
United States Environmental Protection Agency
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- SWQR:
-
Turkish Surface Water Quality Regulation
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Üstün Odabaşı, S., Ceylan, Z. Water quality and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in water of Samsun Rivers of the Mid-Black Sea, Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 82, 501 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11189-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-11189-3