Abstract
The pollution of heavy metals (HMs) in the soil has become one of the important factors affecting the national environment and human health. Phytoremediation, as a technology to deal with HM pollution in soil, has been extensively studied and applied due to its sustainability and environmental friendliness. However, hyperaccumulators polluted by HMs need to be properly treated to avoid secondary pollution to the environment. This paper reviews the migration and transformation of HMs during the incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal treatment of hyperaccumulators; comprehensively evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of each technology in the treatment of HM-enriched hyperaccumulators; and analyzes the current development status and unsolved problems in detail for each technology. Generally speaking, thermal treatment technology can fix most of the HMs of exchangeable fraction in biochar, reducing its bioavailability and biotoxicity. In addition, the application direction and research focus of the target product are discussed, and it is clarified that in the future, it is necessary to further optimize the reaction conditions and explore the mechanism of HM immobilization to maximize the immobilization of HMs and improve the quality and output of the target product.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the Key R&D Program of China, China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Science and Technology Project for their financial and logistical contribution to this work.
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This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC0210300), China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists (Grant No. 21707007), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51774038), and Beijing Science and Technology Project (No. Z191100009119008).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The study was conceptualized, designed, and coordinated by Wei Su and Xinyan Li. Wei Su was the principal investigator. Xinyan Li prepared the draft article. Hongshuo Zhang performed the statistical analysis. The manuscript was written by Wei Su, Xinyan Li, Ping Liu, Changqing Cai, and Hongshuo Zhang, while all contributing authors made paper revisions under the mentorship of Yi Xing. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Su, W., Li, X., Zhang, H. et al. Migration and transformation of heavy metals in hyperaccumulators during the thermal treatment: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 47838–47855 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15346-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15346-8