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Rethinking water and crop management in the irrigated district of Diyar-Al-Hujjej (Tunisia)

  • Circular Economy for Global Water Security
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Abstract

In Diyar-Al-Hujjej irrigated area, the aquifer’s over-exploitation, sea intrusion, and abandonment of irrigated areas and wells took place. A yield decrease for all crops was observed. Average aquifer water electrical conductivity (EC) jumps from 4 to 6.6 dS/m between 1969 and 2017. A fresh surface water transfer over more than 100 km was launched in 1998 to safeguard this irrigated area but this fresh water supply is not stable; it varies from 1 year to another (about 1,900,000 m3 in 2015 and only 60.000 m3 in 2018) while annual crop water requirement of the perimeter is about 2,500,000 m3. An adaptation by farmers to this new situation of saline and water stress was observed. The follow-up surveys of the farmer’s practices showed that (i) new crops with high added value grown during the rainy season were introduced in association with dry season crops (strawberry-pepper association), (ii) rainfed crops, fallow, and water blending are common practices; and (iii) growing of rainy season crops in the aim to reduce water supply. The instability of fresh surface water volume transferred constitutes the main threat for this perimeter. The use of aquifer salt water must be stopped; it is the cause of the large quantities of salts supplied (over 13,000 kg/ha) and also of the low annual net income achieved. Net revenue was less than 2000 US $/ha under salt water and reached even 8000 US $/ha when sufficient surface water is available. An agrarian reform policy must be applied for this perimeter; only crops whose water requirements are partially met by rain should be grown. The introduction of another more sustainable water source should be initiated (as desalination) even at the private farm level.

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Funding

This work is funded by the Eremology and Desertification Control Laboratory (Institute of Arid Regions of Medenine).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut National Agronomique de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia

    Issam Daghari & Hedi Daghari

  2. University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya

    Fatma Bader Abouaziza

Authors
  1. Issam Daghari
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  2. Fatma Bader Abouaziza
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  3. Hedi Daghari
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Contributions

ID prepared the initial document; he also collected data from the field and participated in meetings with farmers to investigate the problems of the irrigated area. FBA participated in meetings with farmers to investigate the problems of the irrigated area. HD offered us the methodology of the work and corrected the mistakes in the English language.

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Correspondence to Issam Daghari.

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Daghari, I., Abouaziza, F.B. & Daghari, H. Rethinking water and crop management in the irrigated district of Diyar-Al-Hujjej (Tunisia). Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 71689–71700 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15155-z

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