Abstract
Bioavailability of environmental contaminants is attracting considerable scientific attention due to growing awareness of its importance for risk assessment. In this study, size-segregated airborne particles were collected from six point-source sites, an urban residential site, and a sub-urban site. Potential factors governing bioaccessibility of the particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organophosphorus esters (OPEs) in stimulated gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts were elucidated. Particle concentrations of PAHs and OPEs at the eight sites were 2.4-32.3 ng/m3 and 1.6-19.9 ng/m3, respectively. In fine particles (with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm), 4- to 6-ring PAHs were more strongly correlated with organic carbon (OC) than elemental carbon (EC); while 3- and 4-ring PAHs in coarse particles (2.5-10 μm) tended to associate with EC. OPEs mostly showed significant correlations with EC in both fine and coarse particles. OC and EC exerted a significantly restraining effect on the oral and inhalation bioaccessibility of most hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in fine particles due to sorption of HOC molecules to these components. Furthermore, the effects varied, which could depend either on the emission sources (for oral bioaccessibility of PAHs) or the physicochemical properties of HOCs (for bioaccessibility of OPEs and inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs). Linear regression between OC/EC contents and HOC bioaccessibility indicated that EC should play a more important role in the inhalation bioaccessibility than the oral bioaccessibility. Particle size of airborne particles is a relatively less significant factor determining the bioaccessibility.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Jia-Cheng Li from South China Normal University for his help in the field work and the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.
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This study was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC0212000), the Guangzhou Science and Technology Program (No. 201707020033), the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41771530 and 41573088), the Guangdong Foundation for Program of Science and Technology Research (No. 2017B030314057), and the State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, GIGCAS (NO. SKLOG202001).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Investigation, writing—original draft, formal analysis, and methodology: YZ; conceptualization, writing—review and editing, and supervision: SJC; investigation: YF and QQL; supervision: BXM. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Zeng, Y., Chen, S., Fan, Y. et al. Effects of carbonaceous materials and particle size on oral and inhalation bioaccessibility of PAHs and OPEs in airborne particles. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 62133–62141 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14848-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14848-9