Abstract
This work aims to integrate several hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) activation mechanisms, photolysis (UVC irradiation), chemical electron transfer (TiO2-P25 photocatalysis), and reaction with TiO2-P25 in dark conditions, for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation towards the removal of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), in a single unit operated in continuous-flow mode. An H2O2 stock solution is fed by the lumen side of a tubular ceramic membrane, delivering the oxidant to the (i) catalyst immobilized in the membrane shell-side and (ii) annular reaction zone (ARZ, space between membrane shell-side and outer quartz tube) where CECs contaminated water flows with a helix trajectory, being activated by UV light provided by four lamps placed symmetrically around the reactor. First, the effect of several parameters in the removal of a CEC target molecule, amoxicillin (AMX), was evaluated using a synthetic solution ([AMX]inlet = 2.0 mg L-1): (i) light source (UVA or UVC radiation), (ii) H2O2 dose, (iii) H2O2 injection method (radial permeation vs. upstream injection), and (iv) number of TiO2-P25 layers deposited on the membrane. The UVC/H2O2/TiO2 system with radial addition of H2O2 (20 mg L-1) and 9-TiO2-P25 layers provided the highest AMX removal efficiency (72.2 ± 0.5%) with a UV fluence of 45 mJ cm-2 (residence time of 4.6 s), due to the synergic effect of four mechanisms: (i) AMX photolysis, (ii) H2O2 photocleavage, (iii) TiO2-P25 photoactivation, and (iv) chemical reactions between H2O2 and TiO2-P25. The urban wastewater matrix showed a negative effect on AMX removal (~44%) due to the presence of ROS scavengers and light-filtering species.
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Funding
The financial support of this work is acknowledged: (i) the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, from Brasil (CAPES), with Finance Code 001; (ii) Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM (base funding, UIDB/50020/2020), by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC); and (iii) Project NOR-WATER funded by INTERREG VA Spain-Portugal cooperation programme, Cross-Border North Portugal/Galiza Spain Cooperation Program (POCTEP). The authors also acknowledge Brazilian Agencies Capes (PROEX 0070041) and FAPERJ (reference E-26/202.994/2015). Reynel M. Castellanos acknowledges his scholarship (141666/2018-8) from CNPq (Brazil), and J. Diaz-Angulo thanks Colciencias-Colombia for her scholarships (647). Vítor J.P. Vilar acknowledges the FCT Individual Call to Scientific Employment Stimulus 2017 (CEECIND/01317/2017).
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The statement to specify the contribution of each co-author is as follows:
- Conceived and designed the experiments: Reynel M. Castellanos and Jennyfer Díaz-Angulo
- Performed the experiments: Reynel M. Castellanos and Jennyfer Días-Angulo
- Analyzed the data: Alexandre Diório, Reynel M. Castellanos, Jennyfer Días-Angulo, and Ana I. Gomes
- Contributed reagents/materials/funding: Rosângela Bergamasco, Marcelo Fernandes Vieira, Márcia Dezotti, Miguel Angel Mueses, Fiderman Machuca-Martinez, and Vítor J. P. Vilar
- Drafted or revised the manuscript: Alexandre Diório, Reynel M. Castellanos, Jennyfer Díaz-Angulo, Ana I. Gomes, Rosângela Bergamasco, Marcelo Fernandes Vieira, Márcia Dezotti, Miguel Angel Mueses, Fiderman Machuca-Martinez, and Vítor J. P. Vilar
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Highlights
- Low footprint membrane photoreactor able to activate H2O2 into ROS;
- The membrane acts as photocatalyst support and oxidant-catalyst/water contactor;
- H2O2 activation by energy, chemical electron transfer, and TiO2-H2O2 interaction;
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Diório, A., Díaz-Angulo, J., Castellanos, R.M. et al. A tubular ceramic membrane coated with TiO2-P25 for radial addition of H2O2 towards AMX removal from synthetic solutions and secondary urban wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 42120–42129 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14297-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14297-4