Abstract
The remediation of wood preservative–contaminated sites is an important issue due to the carcinogenic nature of some contaminants derived from wood preservatives (e.g., Cr+6, arsenate, and pentachlorophenol). This study evaluated the effects of fertilizer application on remediation potential of co-plantings of Salix interior Rowlee. (Salix) and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (Festuca) in a wood preservative–spiked technosol while considering the potential contaminant and nutrient leaching. Two levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers, NaNO3 and NaH2PO4 (25 and 75 mg L−1), were applied to achieve three N:P ratios, i.e., 3:1 (75:25), 1:3 (25:75), and 1:1 (25:25), that were compared with a control treatment (0:0 N:P) in a mesocosm experiment. Roots of the plant supplied with 1:1 and 1:3 N:P had more than double arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) amounts (i.e., biomass × concentration) compared to the control ones. Highest As and Cu amounts in shoots were found for Salix stems and Festuca leaves in the 1:3 and 1:1 N:P treatments, respectively. Arsenic and P leaching was high in mesocosms supplied with 1:3 N:P. Contamination and nutrient leaching in the 1:1 N:P treatment did not differ from the control, except for Cu. In conclusion, 1:1 N:P treatment yielded the best results in terms of metal(loid) uptake and contaminant and nutrient leaching. In 1:1 N:P treatment, the maximum values of percent As, Cr, and Cu in Salix and Festuca aboveground were 0.18%, 0.024%, and 1.20% and 0.89%, 0.08%, and 1.78%, respectively.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- CCA:
-
Chromated copper arsenate
- DMSO:
-
Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DOC:
-
Dissolved organic carbon
- EC:
-
Electrical conductivity
- FC:
-
Field capacity
- PCDD/Fs:
-
Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/furans
- PCP:
-
Pentachlorophenol
- SE:
-
Standard errors
- TOC:
-
Total organic carbon
References
Abbas G, Murtaza B, Bibi I, Shahid M, Niazi NK, Khan MI, Amjad M, Hussain M (2018) Arsenic uptake, toxicity, detoxification, and speciation in plants: physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15:59. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010059
Babu AG, Kim JD, Oh BT (2013) Enhancement of heavy metal phytoremediation by Alnus firma with endophytic Bacillus thuringiensis GDB-1. J Hazard Mater 250:477–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.014
Bacci E, Cerejeira MJ, Gaggi C, Chemello G, Calamari D, Vighi M (1992) Chlorinated dioxins: Volatilization from soils and bioconcentration in plant leaves. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 48:401–408
Balasoiu CF, Zagury GJ, Deschenes L (2001) Partitioning and speciation of chromium, copper, and arsenic in CCA-contaminated soils: influence of soil composition. Sci Total Environ 280:239–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00833-6
Baldi E, Miotto A, Ceretta CA, Brunetto G, Muzzi E, Sorrenti G, Quartieri M, Toselli M (2018) Soil application of P can mitigate the copper toxicity in grapevine: physiological implications. Sci Hortic 238:400–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.070
Banks MK, Schwab AP, Henderson C (2006) Leaching and reduction of chromium in soil as affected by soil organic content and plants. Chemosphere 62:255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.020
Barrutia O, Epelde L, García-Plazaola JI, Garbisu C, Becerril JM (2009) Phytoextraction potential of two Rumex acetosa L. accessions collected from metalliferous and non-metalliferous sites: effect of fertilization. Chemosphere 74:259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.036
Beaulieu M (2019) Guide d’intervention – Protection des sols et réhabilitation des terrains contaminés. Québec, ministère de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, p. 219 + Ann.
Bhattacharya P, Mukherjee AB, Jacks G, Nordqvist S (2002) Metal contamination at a wood preservation site: characterisation and experimental studies on remediation. Sci Total Environ 290:165–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01073-7
Borghi M, Tognetti R, Monteforti G, Sebastiani L (2007) Responses of Populus× euramericana (P. deltoides× P. nigra) clone Adda to increasing copper concentrations. Environ Exp Bot 61:66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2007.03.001
Brye KR, Pirani AL (2006) Metal uptake by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) as affected by poultry litter application. Grass Forage Sci 61:192–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2006.00520x
Burgos P, Madejón E, Cabrera F (2006) Nitrogen mineralization and nitrate leaching of a sandy soil amended with different organic wastes. Waste Manag Res 24:175–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X06062876
Busato C, Fontes PC, Braun H, Cecon PR (2010) Seasonal variation and threshold values for chlorophyll meter readings on leaves of potato cultivars. J Plant Nutr 33:2148–2156. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2010.519087
Campanella BF, Bock C, Schröder P (2002) Phytoremediation to increase the degradation of PCBs and PCDD/Fs. Environ Sci Pollut Res 9:73–85. https://doi.org/10.1065/esDr2001.09.084.6
CEAEQ: Centre d’Expertise en Analyse Environnementale du Québec (2020). www.ceaeq.gouv.qc.ca
Chen YX, Lin Q, He YF, Tian GM (2004) Behavior of Cu and Zn under combined pollution of 2, 4-dichlorophenol in the planted soil. Plant Soil 261:127–134. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLSO.0000035581.92021.f2
Chen W, He ZL, Yang XE, Mishra S, Stoffella PJ (2010) Chlorine nutrition of higher plants: progress and perspectives. J Plant Nutr 33:943–952. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160903242417
Christodoulatos C, Mohiuddin M (1996) Generalized models for prediction of pentachlorophenol adsorption by natural soils. Water Environ Res 68:370–378. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143096X127811
Clay DE, Clay SA, Liu Z, Harper SS (1995) Leaching of dissolved organic carbon in soil following anhydrous ammonia application. Biol Fertil Soils 19:10–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00336339
Colombo C, Palumbo G, He JZ, Pinton R, Cesco S (2014) Review on iron availability in soil: interaction of Fe minerals, plants, and microbes. J Soils Sediments 14:538–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-013-0814-z
Coudert L, Blais JF, Mercier G, Cooper P, Janin A (2013) Remediation processes for wood treated with organic and/or inorganic preservatives. In Handbook of Recycled Concrete and Demolition Waste (pp. 526-554). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096906.4.526
Craven D, Isbell F, Manning P, Connolly J, Bruelheide H, Ebeling A, Roscher C, Van Ruijven CJ, Weigelt A, Wilsey AB, Beierkuhnlein C (2016) Plant diversity effects on grassland productivity are robust to both nutrient enrichment and drought. Philos T Roy Soc B 371:20150277. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0277
Dagenais D, Brisson J, Fletcher TD (2018) The role of plants in bioretention systems; does the science underpin current guidance? Ecol Eng 120:532–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.07.007
Desjardins D, Brereton NJ, Marchand L, Brisson J, Pitre FE, Labrecque M (2018) Complementarity of three distinctive phytoremediation crops for multiple-trace element contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ 610:1428–1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.196
Dixon HBF (1997) The biochemical action of arsenic acids especially as phosphate analogues. Adv Inorg Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60131-2
EPA (2004) United States Environmental Protection Agency. Semivolatile target compound list and corresponding CRQLs (Contract Required Quantitation Limits), retrieved 27 Oct 2004, from http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/clp/svtarget.htm
EPA (2018) https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/chemical-contaminant-rules
Errecart PM, Agnusdei MG, Lattanzi FA, Marino MA (2012) Leaf nitrogen concentration and chlorophyll meter readings as predictors of tall fescue nitrogen nutrition status. Field Crop Res 129:46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.01.008
Ertani A, Mietto A, Borin M, Nardi S (2017) Chromium in agricultural soils and crops: a review. Water Air Soil Pollut 228:190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3356-y
Fillion M, Brisson J, Teodorescu TI, Sauvé S, Labrecque M (2009) Performance of Salix viminalis and Populus nigra× Populus maximowiczii in short rotation intensive culture under high irrigation. Biomass Bioenergy 33:1271–1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.05.011
Fitz WJ, Wenzel WW (2002) Arsenic transformations in the soil–rhizosphere–plant system: fundamentals and potential application to phytoremediation. J Biotechnol 99:259–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00218-3
Frédette C, Comeau Y, Brisson J (2019) Ecophysiological responses of a willow cultivar (Salix miyabeana ‘SX67’) irrigated with treated wood leachate. Water Air Soil Pollut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4244-4
Freeman KW, Girma K, Mosali J, Teal RK, Martin KL, Raun WR (2006) Response of winter wheat to chloride fertilization in sandy loam soils. Commun Soil Sci Plan 37:1947–1955. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620600767231
Gao Y, Mucci A (2001) Acid base reactions, phosphate and arsenate complexation, and their competitive adsorption at the surface of goethite in 0.7 M NaCl solution. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 65:2361–2378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00589-0
Garg BK (2012) Plant analysis: comprehensive methods and protocols. Scientific Publishers
Gopal R, Rizvi AH, Nautiyal N (2009) Chromium alters iron nutrition and water relations of spinach. J Plant Nutr 32:1551–1559. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904160903094313
Greger M (2005) Influence of willow (Salix viminalis L.) roots on soil metal chemistry: effects of clones with varying metal uptake potential. In Biogeochemistry of trace elements in the rhizosphere (pp. 301-312). Elsevier
Gumezia K, Coudert L, Metahni S, Mercier G, Besner S, Blais JF (2017) Treatment technologies used for the removal of As, Cr, Cu, PCP and/or PCDD/F from contaminated soil: a review. J Hazard Mater 333:194–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.021
Guo J, Xu W, Ma M (2012) The assembly of metals chelation by thiols and vacuolar compartmentalization conferred increased tolerance to and accumulation of cadmium and arsenic in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. J Hazard Mater 199:309–313
Hagemeyer J (2004) Ecophysiology of plant growth under heavy metal stress. In Heavy metal stress in plants (pp. 201-222). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M (2015) Arsenic toxicity in plants and possible remediation. Soil remediation plants: prospects challenges. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-799937-1.00016-4
He Y, Xu J, Lv X, Ma Z, Wu J, Shi J (2009) Does the depletion of pentachlorophenol in root–soil interface follow a simple linear dependence on the distance to root surfaces? Soil Biol Biochem 41:1807–1813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.11.016
Health Canada (2019) Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality—Summary Table. Water and Air Quality Bureau. Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
Heckenroth A, Rabier J, Dutoit T, Torre F, Prudent P, Laffont-Schwob I (2016) Selection of native plants with phytoremediation potential for highly contaminated Mediterranean soil restoration: tools for a non-destructive and integrative approach. J Environ Manag 183:850–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.029
Heine P, Yavari S, Frenette-Dussault C, Zagury GJ, Brisson J, Labrecque M (2021) Using native woody plants for phytomanagement of urban technosols contaminated by wood pole preservatives. Clean- Soil Air Water 2000262. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.202000262
Henry F, Nguyen C, Paterson E, Sim A, Robin C (2005) How does nitrogen availability alter rhizodeposition in Lolium multiflorum Lam. during vegetative growth? Plant Soil 269:181–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-0490-2
Hoagland DR, Arnon DI (1950) The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. Circular. California agricultural experiment station, 347(2nd edit).
Huang G, Rizwan MS, Ren C, Guo G, Fu Q, Zhu J, Hu H (2018) Influence of phosphorous fertilization on copper phytoextraction and antioxidant defenses in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:115–123
Huelster A, Mueller JF, Marschner H (1994) Soil-plant transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to vegetables of the cucumber family (Cucurbitaceae). Environ Sci Technol 28:1110–1115. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00055a021
Hutchinson SL, Banks MK, Schwab AP (2001) Phytoremediation of aged petroleum sludge. J Environ Qual 30:395–403. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.302395x
Jha AB, Dubey RS (2004) Arsenic exposure alters activity behaviour of key nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Growth Regul 43:259–268. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GROW.0000045995.49365.df
Jin JW, Xu YF, Huang YF (2010) Protective effect of nitric oxide against arsenic-induced oxidative damage in tall fescue leaves. Afr J Biotechnol 9:1619–1627. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.1442
Joshi UN, Rathore SS, Arora SK (2003) Chromium induced changes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in guar. In: Henry A, Kumar D, Singh NB (eds) Advances in arid legumes research, pp 355–360
Kabata-Pendias A (2010) Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida
Kim KS, Lee SC, Kim KH, Shim WJ, Hong SH, Choi KH, Yoon JH, Kim JG (2009) Survey on organochlorine pesticides, PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and HCB in sediments from the Han river, Korea. Chemosphere 75:580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.075
Kitunen VH, Valo RJ, Salkinoja-Salonen MS (1987) Contamination of soil around wood-preserving facilities by polychlorinated aromatic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 21:96–101. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00155a012
Kleinhofs A, Warner RL (1990) Advances in nitrate assimilation. In: Lea BJ, Miflin PJ (eds) The biochemistry of plants, vol 16. Academic Press Inc, Waltham, pp 89–120
Kobyłecka J, Skiba E (2008) The effect of phenoxyacetic herbicides on the uptake of copper, zinc and manganese by Triticum aestivum L. Pol J Environ Stud 17:895–901
Lachapelle A, Yavari S, Pitre FE, Courchesne F, Brisson J (2020) Co-planting of Salix interior and Trifolium pratense for phytoremediation of trace elements from wood preservative contaminated soil. Int J Phytoremediat 19:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2020.1847034
Landmeyer JE (2011) Introduction to phytoremediation of contaminated groundwater: historical foundation, hydrologic control, and contaminant remediation. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht, Netherlands
Lin Q, Mendelssohn IA (1998) The combined effects of phytoremediation and biostimulation in enhancing habitat restoration and oil degradation of petroleum contaminated wetlands. Ecol Eng 10:263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00015-9
Lin Q, Wang Z, Ma S, Chen Y (2006) Evaluation of dissipation mechanisms by Lolium perenne L, and Raphanus sativus for pentachlorophenol (PCP) in copper co-contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ 368:814–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.024
Livesey NT, Huang PM (1981) Adsorption of arsenate by soils and its relation to selected chemical properties and anions. Soil Sci 131:88–94. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198102000-00004
Lock K, Criel P, De Schamphelaere KAC, Van Eeckhout H, Janssen CR (2007) Influence of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and pH on copper toxicity to barley (Hordeum vulgare). Ecotox Environ Safe 68:299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.11.014
Lockwood CL, Stewart DI, Mortimer RJ, Mayes WM, Jarvis AP, Gruiz K, Burke IT (2015) Leaching of copper and nickel in soil-water systems contaminated by bauxite residue (red mud) from Ajka, Hungary: the importance of soil organic matter. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:10800–10810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4282-4
López-Bucio J, Hernández-Madrigal F, Cervantes C, Ortiz-Castro R, Carreón-Abud Y, Martínez-Trujillo M (2014) Phosphate relieves chromium toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana plants by interfering with chromate uptake. BioMetals 27:363–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-014-9718-7
Mahmood K, Jadoon S, Mahmood Q, Irshad M, Hussain J (2014) Synergistic effects of toxic elements on heat shock proteins. Biomed Res Int 2014:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/564136
Marmiroli M, Pietrini F, Maestri E, Zacchini M, Marmiroli N, Massacci A (2011) Growth, physiological and molecular traits in Salicaceae trees investigated for phytoremediation of heavy metals and organics. Tree Physiol 31:1319–1334. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr090
Marschner P, Yang CH, Lieberei R, Crowley DE (2001) Soil and plant specific effects on bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere. Soil Biol Biochem 33:1437–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(01)00052-9
Mengle K, Kirkby EA (1982) Principal of plant nutrition. Bern. Switzerland. Int. Potash. Inst, 520
Mills T, Arnold B, Sivakumaran S, Northcott G, Vogeler I, Robinson B, Norling C, Leonil D (2006) Phytoremediation and long-term site management of soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and heavy metals. J Environ Manag 79:232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.07.005
Morton JD, Roach CG, Tong MJ, Roberts AHC (2004) Potassium in soil and pasture and leaching of cations on an allophanic soil in New Zealand. New Zeal J Agr Res 47:147–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2004.9513582
Mueller JG, Middaugh DP, Lantz SE, Chapman PJ (1991) Biodegradation of creosote and pentachlorophenol in contaminated groundwater: chemical and biological assessment. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:1277–1285
Nunes M, Vernisseau A, Marchand P, Le Bizec B, Ramos F, Pardal MA (2014) Distribution of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in sediment and plants from a contaminated salt marsh (Tejo Estuary, Portugal). Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:2540–2549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2178-8
Panda SK, Choudhury S (2005) Chromium stress in plants. Braz J Plant Physiol 17:95–102. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202005000100008
Pandey N, Sharma CP (2003) Chromium interference in iron nutrition and water relations of cabbage. Environ Exp Bot 49:195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00088-6
Paredes C, Menezes-Blackburn D, Cartes P, Gianfreda L, Mora ML (2011) Phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization effect on phosphorus uptake and phosphatase activity in ryegrass and tall fescue grown in a Chilean Andisol. Soil Sci 176:245–251. https://doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e3182147fd3
Pätsikkä E, Kairavuo M, Šeršen F, Aro EM, Tyystjärvi E (2002) Excess copper predisposes photosystem II to photoinhibition in vivo by outcompeting iron and causing decrease in leaf chlorophyll. Plant Physiol 129:1359–1367. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.004788
Pulford ID, Riddell-Black D, Stewart C (2002) Heavy metal uptake by willow clones from sewage sludge-treated soil: the potential for phytoremediation. Int J Phytoremediat 4:59–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510208500073
Purdy JJ, Smart LB (2008) Hydroponic screening of shrub willow (Salix spp.) for arsenic tolerance and uptake. Int J Phytoremediat 10:515–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510802115000
Reischl A, Reissinger M, Thoma H, Hutzinger O (1989) Uptake and accumulation of PCDD/F in terrestrial plants: basic considerations. Chemosphere 19:467–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(89)90353-6
Reynier N, Blais JF, Mercier G, Besner S (2014) Decontamination of metals, pentachlorophenol, and polychlorined dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans polluted soil in alkaline conditions using an amphoteric biosurfactant. Environ Technol 35:177–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.822005
Ryan BM, Kirby JK, Degryse F, Harris H, McLaughlin MJ, Scheiderich K (2013) Copper speciation and isotopic fractionation in plants: uptake and translocation mechanisms. New Phytol 199:367–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12276
Salter PJ, Haworth F (1961) The available-water capacity of a sandy loam soil: I. A critical comparison of methods of determining the moisture content of soil at field capacity and at the permanent wilting percentage. J Soil Sci 12:326–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1961.tb00922.x
Sandrin TR, Maier RM (2003) Impact of metals on the biodegradation of organic pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 111:1093–1101. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5840
Santos C, Oliveira H, Deckert J, White JC (2012) Legacy and emerging contaminants in plants: from the gene to the field. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/382717
Sayantan D (2013) Amendment in phosphorus levels moderate the chromium toxicity in Raphanus sativus L. as assayed by antioxidant enzymes activities. Ecotox Environ Safe 95:161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.037
Schmidt U (2003) Enhancing phytoextraction: the effect of chemical soil manipulation on mobility, plant accumulation, and leaching of heavy metals. J Environ Qual 32:1939–1954. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.1939
Schwab AP, Al-Assi AA, Banks MK (1998) Adsorption of naphthalene onto plant roots. J Environ Qual 27:220–224. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700010031x
Séguin V, Gagnon C, Courchesne F (2004) Changes in water extractable metals, pH and organic carbon concentrations at the soil-root interface of forested soils. Plant Soil 260:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLSO.0000030170.49493.5f
Sermons SM, Sinclair TR, Seversike TM, Rufty TW (2017) Assessing transpiration estimates in tall fescue: the relationship among transpiration, growth, and vapor pressure deficits. Environ Exp Bot 137:119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.02.003
Sevel L, Ingerslev M, Nord-Larsen T, Jørgensen U, Holm PE, Schelde K, Raulund-Rasmussen K (2014) Fertilization of SRC willow, II: leaching and element balances. Bioenerg Res 7:338–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-013-9387-3
Singh N, Ma LQ (2006) Arsenic speciation, and arsenic and phosphate distribution in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and non-hyperaccumulator Pteris ensiformis L. Environ Pollut 141:238–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.050
Singh HP, Mahajan P, Kaur S, Batish DR, Kohli RK (2013) Chromium toxicity and tolerance in plants. Environ Chem Lett 11:229–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0407-5
Smith E, Naidu R, Alston AM (2002) Chemistry of inorganic arsenic in soils. J Environ Qual 31:557–563. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.5570
Smolders E, Oorts K, Van Sprang P, Schoeters I, Janssen CR, McGrath SP, McLaughlin MJ (2009) Toxicity of trace metals in soil as affected by soil type and aging after contamination: using calibrated bioavailability models to set ecological soil standards. Environ Toxicol Chem: Int J 28:1633–1642. https://doi.org/10.1897/08-592.1
Taiz L, Zeiger E (2006) Plant Physiology Sinauer Associates. Inc, Sunderland, MA. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg079
Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. In: In Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology (pp. 133-164). Springer, Basel
Thomasson GL, Capizzi J, Dost F, Morrell J, Miller D (2015) Wood preservation and wood products treatment: training manual
Tills AR, Alloway BJ (1981) The effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen sources on copper uptake and amino acid status of cereals. Plant Soil 62:279–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02374091
Timmerer U, Lehmann L, Schnug E, Bloem E (2020) Toxic effects of single antibiotics and antibiotics in combination on germination and growth of Sinapis alba L. Plants 9:107. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010107
Truu J, Truu M, Espenberg M, Hiie N, Jaanis J (2015) Phytoremediation and plant-assisted bioremediation in soil and treatment wetlands: a review. Open Biotechnol J 9:85–92. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874070701509010085
Tu C, Ma LQ (2003) Effects of arsenate and phosphate on their accumulation by an arsenic-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. Plant Soil 249:373–382. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022837217092
Vijayaraghavan J, Gupta A, Guha-Mukherjee S, Sopory SK (1982) Stimulation of nitrate reductase by light and ammonium in Spirodela oligorrhiza. J Exp Bot 33:705–716. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/33.4.705
Walter M, Kraemer SM, Schenkeveld WDC (2017) The effect of pH, electrolytes and temperature on the rhizosphere geochemistry of phytosiderophores. Plant Soil 418:5–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3226-9
Wang YK, Tao L, Chen MJ, Li FB (2012) Effects of the FeII/CuII interaction on copper aging enhancement and pentachlorophenol reductive transformation in paddy soil. J Agric Food Chem 60:630–638. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf2040093
Wang J, Ge Y, Chen T, Bai Y, Qian BY, Zhang CB (2014) Facilitation drives the positive effects of plant richness on trace metal removal in a biodiversity experiment. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093733
Wood preservation Canada (2012) https://www.woodpreservation.ca/index.php/en/non-residential-use
Xiong ZT, Liu C, Geng B (2006) Phytotoxic effects of copper on nitrogen metabolism and plant growth in Brassica pekinensis Rupr. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 64:273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.02.003
Yanitch A, Brereton NJ, Gonzalez E, Labrecque M, Joly S, Pitre FE (2017) Transcriptomic response of purple willow (Salix purpurea) to arsenic stress. Front Plant Sci 8:1115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01115
Yu HY, Wang YK, Chen PC, Li FB, Chen MJ, Hu M, Ouyang X (2014) Effect of nitrate addition on reductive transformation of pentachlorophenol in paddy soil in relation to iron (III) reduction. J Environ Manag 132:42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.10.020
Zayed AM, Terry N (2003) Chromium in the environment: factors affecting biological remediation. Plant Soil 249:139–156 http://www.jstor.org/stable/24129335
Zhang F, Wan X, Zheng Y, Sun L, Chen Q, Zhu X, Yalin G, Liu M (2014) Effects of nitrogen on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and gene expression in leaves of Populus plants subjected to cadmium stress. J Plant Interact 9:599–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2013.879676
Zhang X, Zhang D, Sun W, Wang T (2019) The adaptive mechanism of plants to iron deficiency via iron uptake, transport, and homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 20:2424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102424
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Patrick Boivin and Benoit St-Georges for technical expertise and assistance in the field. We also thank Stéphane Daigle for assistance in data analysis, Karen Grislis for linguistic revision of the manuscript, and Pierre-Luc Chagnon for accepting to pre-review this manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Funding
This study was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council NSERC/Hydro-Québec Industrial Research Chair in Phytotechnology.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: JB, FC, and SY; methodology: JB, FC, and SY; formal analysis and investigation: SY; writing - original draft preparation: SY; writing - review and editing: JB and FC; funding acquisition: JB; resources: JB; supervision: JB and FC. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Disclaimer
The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Elena Maestri
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yavari, S., Courchesne, F. & Brisson, J. Nutrient-assisted phytoremediation of wood preservative–contaminated technosols with co-planting of Salix interior and Festuca arundinacea. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 58018–58034 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14076-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14076-1