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The impact of chronic exposure to air pollution over oxidative stress parameters and brain histology

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Abstract

Air pollution (AP) triggers neuroinflammation and lipoperoxidation involved in physiopathology of several neurodegenerative diseases. Our study aims to investigate the effect of chronic exposure to ambient AP in oxidative stress (OS) parameters and number of neurons and microglial cells of the cortex and striatum. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were distributed in four groups of exposure: control group (FA), exposed throughout life to filtered air; group PA-FA, pre-natal exposed to polluted air until weaning and then to filtered air; group FA-PA, pre-natal exposed to filtered air until weaning and then to polluted air; and group PA, exposed throughout life to polluted air. After 150 days of exposure, the rats were euthanized for biochemical and histological determinations. The malondialdehyde concentration in the cortex and striatum was significantly higher in the PA group. The activity of superoxide dismutase was significantly decreased in the cortex of all groups exposed to AP while activity of catalase was not modified in the cortex or striatum. The total glutathione concentration was lower in the cortex and higher in the striatum of the FA-PA group. The number of neurons or microglia in the striatum did not differ between FA and PA. On the other hand, neurons and microglia cell numbers were significantly higher in the cortex of the FA-PA group. Our findings suggest that the striatum and cortex have dissimilar thresholds to react to AP exposure and different adaptable responses to chronically AP-induced OS. At least for the cortex, changing to a non-polluted ambient early in life was able to avoid and/or reverse the OS, although some alterations in enzymatic antioxidant system may be permanent. As a result, it is important to clarify the effects of AP in the cortical organization and function because of limited capacity of brain tissue to deal with threatening environments.

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Availability of data and materials

The data sets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding

This work was supported by University of São Paulo, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). Dr. P.H.N. Saldiva and Dr. C.R. Rhoden are supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq. Dr. P.H.N. Saldiva and Dr. A.C. Valle are supported by FAPESP.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of OS and Atmospheric Pollution, Health Basic Sciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Rosane Bossle Bernardi & Cláudia Ramos Rhoden

  2. Post-Graduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Rosane Bossle Bernardi, Helena Maria Tannhauser Barros & Cláudia Ramos Rhoden

  3. Pharmacology Division, Basic Health Sciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Rosane Bossle Bernardi, Helena Maria Tannhauser Barros & Cláudia Ramos Rhoden

  4. Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Ana Cláudia Tedesco Zanchi, Mariana Matera Veras & Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva

  5. Laboratory of Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Nilsa Regina Damaceno-Rodrigues

  6. Post-Graduate Course in Physiopathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva

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  1. Rosane Bossle Bernardi
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Contributions

The authors contributed to the study conception and design until the final manuscript as follows: conceptualization; methodology: ACTZ, MMV, and NRDR; formal analysis: CRR, RBB, and ACTZ; writing—original draft preparation: CRR, RBB; writing—review and editing: CRR, RBB, PHNS, and HMTB; funding acquisition and resources: CRR and PHNS; supervision: CRR. The first draft of the manuscript was written by RBB and CRR and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Rosane Bossle Bernardi.

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The study was approved by the Ethical Committee on the Use of Animals of the Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (CPA 084/03) and in accordance with guidelines of the National Council of Control for Animal Research.

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Bernardi, R.B., Zanchi, A.C.T., Damaceno-Rodrigues, N.R. et al. The impact of chronic exposure to air pollution over oxidative stress parameters and brain histology. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 47407–47417 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14023-0

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