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Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and health risk in tobacco farming associated with River Barandu of Pakistan

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Abstract

Diffuse pesticide pollution through tobacco fields is a serious threat to both natural integrities and living beings because tobacco is known as a pesticide-intensive crop. Upsurge in the knowledge of detrimental impacts caused by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has made them a burning issue particularly in developing countries. Pakistan is a country famous for its agro-based economy and simultaneously is the second most significant pesticide consumer in South Asian countries. The studied area is tobacco hub of the country. Thus, the present work is aimed to investigate the contamination profile that highlights the ecological and health risk posed by OCPs in River Barandu, located in the proximity of tobacco farming region. ΣOCP levels in sediments ranged between 32.918 and 98.810 ng/g and in water between 0.340 and 0.935 μg/L. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and heptachlor were the most prevailing pesticides in both matrices of the river. Isomeric composition of DDTs and HCHs highlighted that the β-HCH and p,p'-DDT were dominant isomers in water, while α-HCH and p,p'-DDT in sediment compartment. Enantiomeric compositions of HCH and DDT indicate both recent and historic uses of these compounds in the area. Indirect contamination through nearby tobacco clusters has been depicted through spatial analysis. Ecological risk assessment based upon the risk quotient (RQ) method revealed that α-endosulfan, dieldrin, heptachlor, and ∑HCHs represent a very high level of ecological risks. The OCPs’ lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with dermal exposure to river’s water were considered nominal for surrounding populations. However, detailed ecological and health risk studies are recommended considering the bio-accumulating nature of these contaminants in the food chain.

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Data and materials availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. For any further datasets used in the study, reasonable request could be sent to the corresponding author.

Funding

The authors did not received any funding from any organization to conduct this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan

    Ammara Taufeeq, Mujtaba Baqar, Faiza Sharif & Sami Ullah

  2. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

    Mehvish Mumtaz

  3. School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Mehvish Mumtaz, Abdul Qadir, Muzaffar Majid & Huang Jun

  4. Allama Iqbal Medical College, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, 54550, Pakistan

    Sadia Aslam

Authors
  1. Ammara Taufeeq
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  2. Mujtaba Baqar
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  3. Faiza Sharif
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  4. Mehvish Mumtaz
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  5. Sami Ullah
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  6. Sadia Aslam
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  7. Abdul Qadir
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  8. Muzaffar Majid
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  9. Huang Jun
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Contributions

a) Ammara Taufeeq: Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. b) Mujtaba Baqar: Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Project administration. c) Faiza Sharif: Supervision, Writing – review & editing. d) Mehvish Mumtaz: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization. e) Sami Ullah: Resources, Methodology. f) Sadia Aslam: Writing – review & editing, Visualization. g) Abdul Qadir: Conceptualization, Project administration. h) Muzaffar Majid: Resources, Methodology, Validation. i) Huang Jun: Resources.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mujtaba Baqar or Faiza Sharif.

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Taufeeq, A., Baqar, M., Sharif, F. et al. Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and health risk in tobacco farming associated with River Barandu of Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 38774–38791 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13142-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13142-y

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