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Organochlorine pesticides in protected areas: El Hito Lake (Cuenca, Central Spain)

  • Research paper
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Abstract

Background

El Hito Lake is an ephemeral saline water mass present most of the year as a gypsiferous salt pan that is temporarily flooded during rainy periods, when it becomes a refuge for migratory birds such as flamingos and cranes, among others. It is considered an important hotspot of biodiversity and as such is covered by protection status.

Purpose

In order to check the environmental condition of the lake and determine the spatial distribution and source of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), we performed a detailed soil and sediment sampling campaign with the catchment and dry lake bottom.

Methods

We present the first environmental evaluation of its current state with respect to OCPs: hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDE and DDD), and cyclodienes (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, endrin ketone, α-chlordane, γ-chlordane, endosulfan I, endosulfanII, endosulfan sulphate, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide B and metoxichlor).

Results

Some of the compounds showed concentrations above the soil screening levels (SSLs) for human health and ecosystems: γ-HCH (100 μg/kg), α-HCH (60 μg/kg), endrin (30 μg/kg), aldrin (30 μg/kg) and heptachlor epoxide B (30 μg/kg). Various indices were used to determine the origin of the compounds.

Conclusion

Historical uses were interpreted, although there were traces of recent input. Distribution maps of concentration and indices demonstrate a relationship between farming and cropping and the maxima observed, being possible that OCPs have influence in living beings, especially birds.

Resumen

Antecedentes

La Laguna de El Hito es un humedal salino y efímero que aparece la mayor parte del año como un salar yesífero en el que se acumula agua durante periodos lluviosos y se convierte en refugio de aves migratorias como flamencos y grullas, entre otros. Se considera un lugar de importancia para la biodiversidad y por ello está protegido por diversas directivas.

Objetivos

Se realizó una campaña de muestreo de los suelos de la cuenca y de los sedimentos del fondo de la laguna con el objetivo de conocer su estado ambiental y determinar la distribución espacial y el origen de los pesticidas organoclorados (OCP).

Métodos

Se presenta la primera evaluación del estado actual de la laguna respecto a los OCP: hexaclorobenzeno (HCB), hexaclorociclohexanos (α-, β-, γ- y δ-HCH), diclorodifeniltricloroetano (DDT) y sus metabolitos (DDE y DDD), y los ciclodienos (aldrín, dieldrín, endrín, endrín aldehido, endrín cetona, α-clordano, γ-clordano, endosulfán I, endosulfánII, endosulfán sulfato, heptacloro, heptacloro epóxido B y metoxicloro).

Resultados

Algunos compuestos mostraron concentraciones por encima de los Niveles Genéricos de Referencia (NGR) para la salud humana y los ecosistemas: γ-HCH (100 μg/kg), α-HCH (60 μg/kg), endrín (30 μg/kg), aldrín (30 μg/kg) y heptacloro epóxido B (30 μg/kg). Se emplearon varios índices para determinar el origen de estos compuestos.

Conclusiones

Se interpretó un uso histórico, aunque en algunos casos con un origen reciente. Los mapas de distribución mostraron la alta correspondencia entre la agricultura y ganadería con máximos observados, siendo posible que los pesticidas tengan influencia nociva en los organismos, especialmente en las aves.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Empresa Nacional de Residuos Radiactivos (ENRESA) through Project P0079000214: “Estado Geoquímico y Evolución Ambiental de la Laguna de El Hito como Nivel de Referencia Ambiental del Entorno del ATC”.

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  1. Biomolecular Stratigraphy Laboratory, E.T.S.I. Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28003, Spain

    Yolanda Sánchez-Palencia, José E. Ortiz, Trinidad Torres & Juan Llamas

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  1. Yolanda Sánchez-Palencia
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Sánchez-Palencia, Y., Ortiz, J.E., Torres, T. et al. Organochlorine pesticides in protected areas: El Hito Lake (Cuenca, Central Spain). J Iber Geol 43, 539–557 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-017-0045-z

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