Abstract
Filling mining with cemented waste rock backfill (CWRB) is an optimal approach to eliminate the gangue waste pollution. To efficiently evaluate the gangue recycling and its advantage in structure protection, the effects of the confining pressure, cement dosage, and aggregate particle size distribution (PSD) on the creep behavior of CWRB were investigated. Burgers creep model was used to characterize the visco-elastic characteristics of CWRB, a visco-elastic-plastic creep model was established to describe its creep behavior on this basis. A genetic algorithm (GA) for optimizing the model parameters was constructed to verify the creep model. The time-varying evolutions of strata movements were discussed to evaluate the effect of the creep behavior of CWRB on the structural safeties. The results show that the creep load levels and times are positively correlated with the confining pressure and cement dosage, indicating that the consideration of roof load without confining pressure of surrounding rock causes an increase in the design parameters of CWRB to waste the cementing material. The creep load levels and times firstly increase and then decrease with the Talbot gradation index, revealing that CWRB with superior aggregate PSD performs the strong anti-deformation capacity under creep condition. The confining pressure, cement dosage, and aggregate PSD are comprehensively considered to optimize CWRB, and its stability under creep condition causes the strata movement to gradually slow down, thereby protecting underground aquifers and surface buildings.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- c :
-
Cohesion
- CWRB:
-
Cemented waste rock backfill
- d i :
-
Size of aggregate particles
- d max :
-
Maximum size of aggregate particles
- E :
-
Elastic modulus
- G :
-
Shear modulus
- GA:
-
Genetic algorithm
- k group :
-
Initial population size
- k mating :
-
Mating population size
- K :
-
Bulk modulus
- M i :
-
Mass of aggregate particles in size below or equal to di, \( {M}_i={M}_{\mathrm{t}}{\left(\frac{d_i}{d_{\mathrm{max}}}\right)}^n \)
- M t :
-
Total mass of aggregate particles
- MAE:
-
Mean absolute error
- MAPE:
-
Mean absolute percentage error
- MSE:
-
Mean square error
- n :
-
Talbot gradation index
- n c :
-
Creep index
- N i :
-
Specimen number
- N g :
-
Propagative generations
- N s :
-
Total specimen number
- RMSE:
-
Root mean square error
- p cross :
-
Cross probability
- p mutation :
-
Mutation probability
- P i :
-
Mass ratio of aggregate particles, \( {P}_i=\frac{M_i}{M_{\mathrm{t}}}={\left(\frac{d_i}{d_{\mathrm{max}}}\right)}^n \)
- PSD:
-
Particle size distribution
- t :
-
Creep time
- σ 1 :
-
Axial stress
- σ 3 :
-
Confining pressure
- σ s :
-
Yield strength
- σ t :
-
Tensile strength
- ε 1 :
-
Axial strain
- η :
-
Viscous coefficient
- ρ :
-
Density
- μ :
-
Poisson’s ratio
- φ :
-
Internal friction angle
- ψ :
-
Dilatancy angle
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Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52004272, 51734009, 52074259, 52074268, 51904290), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20200660, BK20180663), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M661987).
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Jiangyu Wu: conceptualization, methodology, software, and writing-original draft. Hongwen Jing: investigation, supervision, funding acquisition, and writing-review and editing. Qingbin Meng: resources and data curation. Qian Yin: software, validation, and supervision. Liyuan Yu: visualization, investigation, and software.
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Wu, J., Jing, H., Meng, Q. et al. Assessment of cemented waste rock backfill for recycling gangue and controlling strata: creep experiments and models. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 35924–35940 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12944-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12944-4