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Pesticide residues and health risk appraisal of tomato cultivated in greenhouse from the Mediterranean region of Turkey

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Abstract

This research aims at assessing the health risks associated with pesticide residues in greenhouse grown tomato production in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. A multiresidue method based on modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) was used for sample preparation that is applied for pesticide detection from extraction of tomato samples in the methodology generated by The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Official Method. The restrain of the quantification varied from 0.002 to 0.009 mg kg−1. The validated data exposed both adequate recoveries, repeatability and reproducibility, including accomplished all other requirements of the European DG SANTE/12682/2019 Guideline. This study divulges that tomatoes cultivated in greenhouse demonstrate 61.5% of samples with one or various pesticide residues. The maximum permitted residue level of above the EU DG Guideline was in 12.2% of the samples. The main determined pesticide residues on the tomatoes cultivated in greenhouse were identified as chlorpyrifos methyl, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, and acetamiprid. Chlorpyrifos methyl (9.5%), cyfluthrin (6.6%), deltamethrin (5.5%), and acetamiprid (3.2%) were recognized as the most conducing residues to the hazard index (HI). The HI was 9.5% for adults and 11.02% for children (3 to <10 years). The major contributor of the HI was chlorpyrifos in both.

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Data availability

Relevant data are available from the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

ADI:

acceptable daily intake;

AOAC:

the European Food Safety Authority;

ESI:

electrospray ionisation (ESI);

ESI+:

electrospray ionisation source in positive;

HI:

hazard index;

HRA:

the health risk assessment;

HQ:

hazard quotient;

IRAC:

insecticide resistance action committee;

LC-MS/MS:

liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry;

LOD:

limit of detection;

LOQ:

limit of quantification;

MRL:

maximum residue level;

MRM:

multiple reaction monitoring;

PSA:

primary−secondary amine;

RSD:

relative standard deviation;

RSDr:

repeatability;

RSDwR:

within-laboratory reproducibility;

TÜİK:

the Turkish Statistical Institute;

QuEChERS:

quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe

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Acknowledgments

The authors appreciated the support provided by M. Erdoğan, Agricultural Engineer and Sigfrido Romeo, Agriculture Engineer.

Funding

Any specific grants from any funding agencies were applied in this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Korkut Ata University, Kadirli Campus, 80750, Osmaniye, Turkey

    Fatma Hepsağ

  2. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Biosystem Engineering Department, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Merkez Campus, 51240, Niğde, Turkey

    Tefide Kizildeniz

Authors
  1. Fatma Hepsağ
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  2. Tefide Kizildeniz
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Contributions

FH performed the analysis and elaborated the draft of the manuscript. TK contributed to the interpretation of the results, reviewed and elaborated the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fatma Hepsağ.

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Hepsağ, F., Kizildeniz, T. Pesticide residues and health risk appraisal of tomato cultivated in greenhouse from the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 22551–22562 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12232-7

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