Abstract
The epidermal mucus of fish performs diverse functions from prevention of mechanical abrasion to limit pathogen invasions. The current experiment was designed to extract skin mucus proteins of three freshwater fish, i.e. common carp (Cyprinus carpio), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and rohu (Labeo rohita) with organic solvent (methanol) and dissolve in different pH of Tris-HCl buffers to examine the significance of pH in the solubilisation of skin mucus proteins. The protein profiles of different pH solubilised methanol fish skin mucus extracts were determined by SDS-PAGE. The non-specific immune enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme and protease of fish skin mucus were compared and this present study demonstrated that these enzymes differed in their activity depending on pH buffers. The higher lysozyme and protease activity were observed at the pH of 8.0 and higher alkaline phosphatase activity in the pH 9.0 of C. mrigala fish skin mucus methanol extract. In addition, the bactericidal activity was evaluated against the pathogens Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pH 8.0 of C. mrigala skin mucus extract revealed better bactericidal activity than other fish species mucus pH buffers against both P. vulgaris and P. aeruginosa. In the case of protein profile from SDS-PAGE, based on pH buffers and the solubilisation of proteins, differences in the resolution of bands were observed. The higher alkaline pH of 9.0 showed smeared gel bands in all the three fish skin mucus methanol extract. The present study suggests that methanol extracted C. mrigala fish skin mucus at pH 8.0 showed better innate immune enzymes and bactericidal activity. The additional examinations of C. mrigala skin mucus methanol extract in this pH aids in identifying novel bioactive molecules. This is the study of proteome of three fish species skin mucus in the effect of pH. Further analyses are required to evaluate proteins present in fish skin mucus extracted with methanol and the influence of pH on protein solubility. These findings could be helpful in exploring natural alternatives to antibiotics in aquaculture industry against infectious pathogens.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the funding agencies DST Fast Track (SR/FT/LS-21/2012), DST-FIST Level-I (stage-II) (Ref. No. SR/FST/LSI-647/2015 (C) Date.11.08.2016) and DST PURSE (Phase-II) (Ref. No. SR/PURSE PHASE 2/16(G)/& 16(C) Date. 21.02.2017) for providing instrumentation facility to Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. The first author Arun Sridhar was supported by the EMBO Short-Term Fellowship (STF-8388).
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Arun Sridhar: investigation, methodology, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. Rajkumar Krishnasamy Sekar: investigation, resources, data curation. Dinesh Babu Manikandan: investigation, visualization. Manikandan Arumugam: investigation, resources. Srinivasan Veeran: formal analysis, data curation. Thirumurugan Ramasamy: conceptualization, project administration, supervision, validation, writing—review and editing.
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Sridhar, A., Krishnasamy Sekar, R., Manikandan, D.B. et al. Activity profile of innate immune-related enzymes and bactericidal of freshwater fish epidermal mucus extract at different pH. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 33914–33926 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11173-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11173-5