Abstract
Termites are one of the major pests of sugarcane. Bifenthrin has label claim for use against sugarcane termites and is applied at the time of planting over the cane setts in the furrows. A thorough knowledge on the dissipation kinetics of bifenthrin in the soil and cane setts provides an insight into its dynamic behavior in the soil–plant–environment continuum, and hence, was studied in detail. The recoveries of the method adopted to determine the residues of bifenthrin in the soil, sugarcane setts, stem, and leaf were in the range of 92.78–98.19% at three levels of fortification ranged between 0.01 and 0.1 μg/g of matrix. At the recommended dose (100 g a.i./ha), bifenthrin was found to persist in the soil and cane setts up to 60 and 75 days after treatment (DAT) with the half-lives of 16.4 and 25.0 days, respectively. The dissipation kinetics of bifenthrin followed the biphasic model. At double the recommended dose, the residues persisted up to 75 DAT and reached below the detectable limit (< 0.01 μg/g) on 90 DAT both in the soil and setts. The half-life of bifenthrin was 22.0 days in the sandy clay loam soil and 17.6 days in/on the sugarcane setts. In the present study, dissipation by photolysis has been ruled out, as the treated setts were not exposed to sunlight. This could be one of the reasons for longer persistence of bifenthrin in the sugarcane setts up to 75 DAT with the half-life of more than 2 weeks. The bifenthrin residues were not detected in the leaf and stem of sugarcane plant throughout the experimental period. There could be harmful effects to earthworms (risk quotient > 1.0) due to the presence of bifenthrin residues in the soil of tropical sugarcane ecosystem.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Dr. Bakshi Ram, Director, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, and Dr. R. Viswanathan, Head, Division of Crop Protection, for their constant encouragement and support in carrying out this research. The technical support rendered by Mrs. C. Yogambal, Technical Assistant (Entomology), in imposing treatments, sampling, and sample preparation is acknowledged.
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This research was funded by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research as Institute’s (ICAR-SBI) project.
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TR conceived the research, conducted the laboratory and field experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. MP standardized the GC-ECD and determined the residues. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Ramasubramanian, T., Paramasivam, M. Bifenthrin in the tropical sugarcane ecosystem: persistence and environmental risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 3524–3532 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10757-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10757-5