Abstract
Rapid increase in carbon dioxide emission triggers climate change, while climate change poses a threat to food security. On the other hand, emission increase as a result of agricultural production continues. Considering this cycle, it is thought that examining the relationship between agricultural production and carbon dioxide emissions can help countries take emission-reducing measures and develop policies to ensure food safety. With this thought, a common correlated effect estimator was used in this study to explain the relationship between crop and livestock production index and carbon dioxide emission of 184 countries with the use of data for the period of 1998–2014. Countries were classified under four categories: low-income countries, lower middle–income countries, upper middle–income countries and high-income countries. According to DCCE test results, it was reported that a 1% increase in crop production index had effect on CO2 emission only in lower middle–income countries. A 1% increase in livestock production index, on the other hand, was reported to increase CO2 emission rates by 0.28, 0.49, and 0.39 in lower middle–income, upper middle–income, and high-income countries, respectively. When evaluated in general, it could be stated that livestock breeding has a higher effect on CO2 emission in agricultural production. The findings of the present study revealed that countries need to improve agricultural production methods in ways to minimize the positive association between vegetative and livestock production in accordance with their level of development, to adopt more environment-friendly agricultural technologies and to endorse international environmental policies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed Z, Zafar MW, Ali S (2020) Linking urbanization, human capital, and the ecological footprint in G7 countries: an empirical analysis. Sustain Cities Soc 55:102064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102064
Al Mamun MD, Sohag K, Mia MAH, Uddin GS, Ozturk I (2014) Regional differences in the dynamic linkage between CO2 emissions, sectorial output and economic growth. Renew Sust Energ Rev 38:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.091
Alamdarlo HN (2016) Water consumption, agriculture value added and carbon dioxide emission in Iran, environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Int J Environ SciTechnol 13:2079–2090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-1005-4
Ali G, Ashraf A, Bashir MK, Cui S (2017) Exploring environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in relation to green revolution: a case study of Pakistan. Environ Sci Pol 77:166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.08.019
Alvarado R, Ponce P, Criollo A, Córdova K, Khan MK (2018) Environmental degradation and real per capita output: new evidence at the global level grouping countries by income levels. J Clean Prod 189:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.064
Anwar A, Sarwar S, Amin W, Arshed N (2019) Agricultural practices and quality of environment: evidence for global perspective. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:15617–15630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04957-x
Anwar A, Ahmad N, Madni GR (2020) Industrialization, freight transport and environmental quality: evidence from belt and road initiative economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:7053–7070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07255-8
Appiah K, Du J, Poku J (2018) Causal relationship between agricultural production and carbon dioxide emissions in selected emerging economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:24764–24777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07486-9
Baltagi BH (2005) Econometric analysis of panel data, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons
Ben Jebli M, Ben Youssef S (2017) Renewable energy consumption and agriculture: evidence for cointegration and Granger causality for Tunisian economy. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol 24(2):149–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2016.119646
Bennetzen EH, Smith P, Porter JR (2016) Decoupling of greenhouse gas emissions from global agricultural production: 1970–2050. Glob Environ Chang 22:763–781. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13120
Celikkol Erbas B, Guven Solakoglu E (2017) In the presence of climate change, the use of fertilizers and the effect of income on agricultural emissions. Sustainability 9(11):1989. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9111989
Chudik A, Pesaran MH (2015) Common correlated effects estimation of heterogeneous dynamic panel data models with weakly exogenous regressors. J Econ 188(2):393–420
Ditzen J (2018) Estimating Dynamic Common-Correlated Effects in Stata. Stata J 18(3):585–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1801800306
Dogan N (2016) Agriculture and environmental Kuznets curves in the case of Turkey: evidence from the ARDL and bounds test. Agric Econ – Czech 62:566–574. https://doi.org/10.17221/112/2015-AGRICECON
Dogan N (2019) The impact of agriculture on CO2 emissions in China. Panoeconomicus 66(2):257–271. https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN160504030D
Dogan E, Inglesi-Lotz R (2020) The impact of economic structure to the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis: evidence from European countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:12717–12724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07878-2
Dogan E, Turkekul B (2016) CO2 emissions, real output, energy consumption, trade, urbanization and financial development: testing the EK C hypothesis for the USA. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:1203–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5323-8
Dogan E, Taspinar N, Gokmenoglu KK (2019) Determinants of ecological footprint in MINT countries. Energy & Environment 30(6):1065–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X19834279
Earth System Research Laboratory (2019) Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Available from: https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/gr.html (10.04.2019)
Edoja PE, Aye GC, Abu O (2016) Dynamic relationship among CO2 emission, agricultural productivity and food security in Nigeria. Cogent Econ Finance 4(1):1204809. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2016.1204809
Food and agriculture organization (2019) FAOSTAT online database. Available from: http://www.fao.org/ faostat/en/#data/GT(10.04.2019)
Gokmenoglu KK, Taspınar N (2018) Testing the agriculture-induced EKC hypothesis: the case of Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:22829–22841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2330-6
Havemann T (2014) Investing in agriculture: jumping Kuznets’ curve. Clarmondial GmbH, Weinrebenstrasse 20 8708 Mannedorf Switzerland. Retrieved from: http://www.clarmondial.com/ investing-in-agriculture-jumping-kuznets-curve/
Hsiao C (2003) Analysis of panel data. Cambridge universityPress, Cambridge
Im KS, Pesaran MH, Shin Y (2003) Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. J.Econ 115(1):53–74
Kapetanios G, Pesaran MH, Yamagata T (2011) Panels with nonstationary multifactor error structures. J Econ 160(2):326–348
Khan MK, Teng J, Khan MI (2019a) Effect of energy consumption and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan with dynamic ARDL simulations approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:23480–23490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05640-x
Khan MK, Teng J, Khan MI, Khan MO (2019b) Impact of globalization, economic factors and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 688:424–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.065
Khan MK, Khan MI, Rehan M (2020) The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. Financial Innov, 6(1).https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0162-0
Liu X, Zhang S, Bae J (2017a) The nexus of renewable energy-agriculture-environment in BRICS. Appl Energy 204:489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.077
Liu X, Zhang S, Bae J (2017b) The impact of renewable energy and agriculture on carbon dioxide emissions: investigating the environmental Kuznets curve in four selected ASEAN countries. J Clean Prod 164:1239–1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.086
Luo Y, Long X, Wu C, Zhang J (2017) Decoupling CO2 emissions from economic growth in agricultural sector across 30 Chinese provinces from 1997 to 2014. J Clean Prod 159:220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.076
McMichael AJ, Powles JW, Butler CD, Uauy R (2007) Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health. LANCET 370(9594):1253–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61256-2
Moutinho V, Madaleno M, Inglesi-Lotz R, Dogan E (2018) Factors affecting CO2 emissions in top countries on renewable energies: a LMDI decomposition application. Renew Sust Energ Rev 90:605–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.009
Narasimham S, Subbarao DV (2017) Relationship between climate change and agriculture – a review. Int J Sci Environ Technol 6(5):3011–3025
Önder M, Ceyhan E, Kahraman A (2011) Effects of agricultural practices on environment, International Conference on Biology, Environment and Chemistry, Singapore 2011, IPCBEE, 24. Retrieved from: http://ipcbee.com/vol24/6-ICBEC2011-C00015.pdf
Özçelik A, Ozer OO, Kayalak S (2012) Türkiye’de Tarım ve CO2 Emisyonu Arasındaki İlişkinin Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımı ile Değerlendirilmesi. 10. Ulusal Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi. 5–7 September 2012, Turkey. 1284–1292
Pesaran MH (2004) General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics
Pesaran MH (2007) A simple panel unit root test in presence of cross-section dependence. J Appl Econ 22:265–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
Pesaran MH, Smith RP (1995) Estimation long-run relationship from dynamic heterogeneous panels. J Econ 68:79–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01644-F
Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RJ (1999) Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. J Am Stat Assoc 94:621–634. https://doi.org/10.2307/2670182
Qiao H, Zheng F, Jiang H, Dong K (2019) The greenhouse effect of the agriculture-economic growth-renewable energy nexus: evidence from G20 countries. Sci Total Environ 671:722–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.336
Rebolledo-Leiva R, Angulo-Meza L, Iriarte A, González-Araya MC (2017) Joint carbon footprint assessment and data envelopment analysis for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture production. Sci Total Environ 593–594:36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.147
Sakaue S, Yamaura K, Washida T (2015) Regional and sectoral impacts of climate change under international climate agreements. Int J Global Warm 8(4):463–500
Samargandi N (2017) Sector value addition, technology and CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia. Renew Sust Energ Rev 78:868–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.056
Sarkodie SA, Owusu PA (2016) The relationship between carbon dioxide and agriculture in Ghana: a comparison of VECM and ARDL model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:10968–10982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6252-x
Sarkodie SA, Owusu PA (2017) The relationship between carbon dioxide, crop and food production index in Ghana: by estimating the long-run elasticities and variance decomposition. Environ Eng Res 22(2):193–202. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2016.135
Schneider UA, Smith P (2009) Energy intensities and greenhouse gas emission mitigation in global agriculture. Energy Efficiency 2:195–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-008-9035-5
Sohag K, Al Mamun M, Uddin GS, Ahmed AM (2017) Sectoral output, energy use, and CO2 emission in middle-income countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:9754–9764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8599-z
Stern DI (2004) The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World Dev 32(8):1419–1439
Tubiello FN (2019) Greenhouse gas emissions due to agriculture, In: Ferranti P, Berry EM, Anderson JR. (Eds), Encyclopedia of food security and sustainability. Elsevier, 196–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21996-3
Waheed R, Chang D, Sarwar S, Chen W (2018) Forest, agriculture, renewable energy, and CO2 emission. J Clean Prod 172:4231–4238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.287
World Bank (2019) World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/data/ reports.aspx?source=2&series =NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS&country
Xiong C, Yang D, Huo J, Zhao Y (2016) The relationship between agricultural carbon emissions and agricultural economic growth and policy recommendations of a low-carbon agriculture economy. Pol J Environ Stud 25(5):2187–2195. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/63038
Yohannes H (2016) A review on relationship between climate change and agriculture. J Earth Sci Clim Change 7(335):1–8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000335
Zafeiriou E, Azam M (2017) CO2 emissions and economic performance in EU agriculture: some evidence from Mediterranean countries. Ecol Indic 81:104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.05.039
Zhangwei L, Xungang Z (2011) Study on relationship between Sichuan agricultural carbon dioxide emissions and agricultural economic growth. Energy Procedia 5(1):1073–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.189
Zhang N, Zhang G, Li Y (2019) Does major agriculture production zone have higher carbon efficiency and abatement cost under climate change mitigation? Ecol Indic 105(1):376–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.12.015
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Eyup Dogan
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ayyildiz, M., Erdal, G. The relationship between carbon dioxide emission and crop and livestock production indexes: a dynamic common correlated effects approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 597–610 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10409-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10409-8