Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of molecular structure of oleoresin-derived compounds on flame properties and emissions from laminar flames

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The search for renewable fuels or components which may improve or replace fossil fuels is an important step towards a sustainable future. In particular, the pine oleoresin produced by conifer trees, which is composed by turpentine oil and non-volatile rosin, may be transformed into alternative fuels. In this work, combustion of six molecules which can be obtained from oleoresin either by distillation (i.e., α- and β-pinene) or by further oxyfunctionalization (nopol, terpineol, myrtenol, and borneol) was studied to assess the potential of pine oleoresin as raw material for biofuels. Emission indices of the main pollutants (carbon monoxide—CO, unburned hydrocarbons—UHC, and nitrogen oxides—NOx) were obtained in non-premixed co-flow laminar flames of the oleoresin-derived molecules blended with n-heptane. The main characteristics of the flames (i.e., temperature and height) were also determined. Significant increase in flame temperature and reduction in CO and UHC emissions with respect to n-heptane were observed with nopol, terpineol, and myrtenol, along an increase in NOx emissions, suggesting an improvement in combustion performance. In addition, differences in emission indices, evidenced for these molecules (even between α- and β-pinene), suggest the importance of the molecular structure in the combustion reaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anand BP, Saravanan CG, Srinivasan CA (2010) Performance and exhaust emission of turpentine oil powered direct injection diesel engine. Renew Energy 35:1179–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.09.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baukal CE (2013) The John Zink Hamworthy combustion handbook Volume 1, Fundamentals, 2nd ed. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton

  • Becke AD (1992) Density-functional thermochemistry. II. The effect of the Perdew-Wang generalized-gradient correlation correction. J Chem Phys 97:9173–9177. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.463343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley D, Matthews KJ (1968) Measurement of high gas temperatures with fine wire thermocouples. J Mech Eng Sci 10:299–305. https://doi.org/10.1243/jmes_jour_1968_010_048_02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao S, Ma B, Giassi D, Bennett BAV, Long MB, Smooke MD (2018) Effects of pressure and fuel dilution on coflow laminar methane–air diffusion flames: a computational and experimental study. Combust Theory Model 22:316–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2017.1403051

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chelladorai P, Varuvel EG, Martin LJ, Nagalingam B (2019) The potential impact of unsaturation degree of the biodiesels obtained from beverage and food processing biomass streams on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics in a single-cylinder CI engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:5008–5019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3793-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Datta A, Hossain A, Roy S (2019) An overview on biofuels and their advantages and disadvantages. Asian J Chem 31:1851–1858. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22098

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the COUNCIL of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources

  • Eveleigh A, Ladommatos N, Balachandran R, Marca A (2014) Conversion of oxygenated and hydrocarbon molecules to particulate matter using stable isotopes as tracers. Combust Flame 161:2966–2974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.05.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fridlyand A, Goldsborough SS, Brezinsky K (2013) Single pulse shock tube study on the effects of double bond position in unsaturated hydrocarbons and fatty acid methyl esters. In: Fall Technical Meeting of the Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute 2013. Combustion Institute, pp 304–309

  • García D, Ramos Á, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Bustamante F, Alarcón E, Lapuerta M (2020) Impact of oxyfunctionalized turpentine on emissions from a Euro 6 diesel engine. Energy 201:117645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117645

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glaude PA, Fournet R, Bounaceur R, Molière M (2010) Adiabatic flame temperature from biofuels and fossil fuels and derived effect on NOx emissions. Fuel Process Technol 91:229–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.10.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godwin DJ, Geo VE, Thiyagarajan S, Martin MLJ, Maiyalagan T, Saravanan CG, Aloui F (2019) Effect of hydroxyl (OH) group position in alcohol on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of SI engine. Energy Convers Manag 189:195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.03.063

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta VK, Kumar G, Kandpal J, Agrawal VK (2006) Diesel fuel-turpentine oil blends as substitute fuels for compression ignition engines. IN Patent N°. 2004DE01925

  • Harrington JA, Shishu RC (1973) A single-cylinder engine study of the effects of fuel type, fuel stoichiometry, and hydrogen-to-carbon ratio on CO, NO, and HC exhaust emissions. SAE Tech Pap 730476. https://doi.org/10.4271/730476

  • Hellier P, Talibi M, Eveleigh A, Ladommatos N (2018) An overview of the effects of fuel molecular structure on the combustion and emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part D J Automob Eng 232:90–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954407016687453

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Höfer R (2015) The pine biorefinery platform chemicals value chain. In: Pandey A, Höfer R, Taherzadeh M et al (eds) Industrial biorefineries & white biotechnology, 1st edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser EW, Siegl WO, Henig YI, Anderson RW, Trinker FH (1991) Effect of fuel structure on emissions from a spark-ignited engine. Environ Sci Technol 25:2005–2012. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00024a004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karthikeyan R, Mahalakshmi N V. (2008) Turpentine blend composition with diesel oil. IN Patent N°. 211874

  • Kumar C, Rana KB, Tripathi B, Nayyar A (2018) Properties and effects of organic additives on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine: a comprehensive review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:22475–22498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar N, Sonthalia A, Pali HS, Sidharth (2020) Next-generation biofuels—opportunities and challenges. In: Gupta A., De A., Aggarwal S., Kushari A. RA (ed) Innovations in sustainable energy and cleaner environment. Springer Verlag, Singapoore, pp 171–191

  • Lapuerta M, Hernández JJ, Armas O (2000) Kinetic modelling of gaseous emissions in a diesel engine. In: SAE technical paper 2000-01-2939. SAE International

  • Lemaire R, Menanteau S (2017) Assessment of radiation correction methods for bare bead thermocouples in a combustion environment. Int J Therm Sci 122:186–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.08.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lescura CR (2009) Additive for internal combustion engines. BR Patent N°. 2007002126

  • Liang S (2005) Biological diesel fuel and its production. CN Patent N°. 1563279

  • McAllister S, Chen J-Y, Fernandez-Pello AC (2011) Fundamentals of combustion processes. Springer US, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra DP (2014) Experimental combustion: an introduction. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Naber JD, Siebers DL (1996) Effects of gas density and vaporization on penetration and dispersion of diesel sprays. In: SAE technical papers 960034

  • Norton TS, Dryer FL (1991) The flow reactor oxidation of C1-C4 alcohols and MTBE. Symp Combust 23:179–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80257-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panithasan MS, Gopalakichenin D, Venkadesan G, Veeraraagavan S (2019) Impact of rice husk nanoparticle on the performance and emission aspects of a diesel engine running on blends of pine oil-diesel. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:282–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3601-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raghavan V (2016) Combustion technology: essentials of flames and burners. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Roper FG, Smith C, Cunningham AC (1977) The prediction of laminar jet diffusion flame sizes: part II. Experimental verification. Combust Flame 29:227–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(77)90113-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaddix CR (1999) Correcting thermocouple measurements for radiation loss: a critical review. In: Jensen MK, Di Marzo M (eds) 33rd National Heat Transfer Conference NHTC’99, Albuquerque, USA

  • Turns S (2000) Pollutant emissions. In: Holamn JP, Lloyd J (eds) An introduction to combustion: concepts and applications, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, Singapore, pp 550–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallinayagam R, Vedharaj S, Yang WM, Saravanan CG, Lee PS, Chua KJE, Chou SK (2014) Impact of ignition promoting additives on the characteristics of a diesel engine powered by pine oil–diesel blend. Fuel 117:278–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.076

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veloo PS, Egolfopoulos FN (2011) Studies of n-propanol, iso-propanol, and propane flames. Combust Flame 158:501–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.10.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaws CL (2014) Thermophysical properties of chemicals and hydrocarbons, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Youchun LJC (2009) Preparation of environmentally-friendly liquid fuel with high heat value. CN Patent N°. 101531927

  • Zaman K (2017) Biofuel consumption, biodiversity, and the environmental Kuznets curve: trivariate analysis in a panel of biofuel consuming countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:24602–24610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0087-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Juan Miguel González from GCA-UdeA and Alexis Cova from GCM-UCLM for their support.

Nomenclature

DT thermocouple diameter, m

h convective heat transfer coefficient, W m−2 K−1

H height of flame tip, m

H0 height of flame tip for n-heptane, m

HAB height above burner, mm

k thermal conductivity, W m−1 K−1

MWFuel molecular weight of fuel, g mol−1

MWi molecular weight of species i, g mol−1

Nu Nusselt’s number

Pr Prandtl’s number

Q volumetric flow rate, m3 s−1

Re Reynold’s number

S molar stoichiometric oxidizer-to-fuel ratio

T0 Flame temperature for n-heptane, K

Tad adiabatic flame temperature, K

TF temperature of fuel stream, K

Tg temperature of gas stream, K

TTh temperature of the thermocouple joint, K

T∞ temperature of surroundings, K

V linear velocity of gas stream, m s−1

x number of carbon atoms in the fuel

xCO molar fraction of CO

xCO2 molar fraction of CO2

xi molar fraction of species i

XDil mole fraction of oxygen in the nitrogen stream

y number of hydrogen atoms in the fuel

z number of oxygen atoms in the fuel

α thermal diffusivity, m2 s−1

σ Stefan-Boltzmann constant, W m−2 K−4

ε emissivity of the thermocouple surface, W m−2 K−1

υ kinematic viscosity, m2 s−1

Funding

The authors received financial support from the Universidad de Antioquia and Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación of Colombia (Minciencias) through projects PRG2014-1091 and 37-1-693 (ref. FP44842-124-2017), respectively. D.G. received doctoral scholarship 727/2015 from Minciencias.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Catalysis Research Group, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia

    Duban García, Aída Luz Villa, Edwin Alarcón & Felipe Bustamante

  2. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, University of Castilla - La Mancha, Edificio Politécnico, Avda. Camilo José Cela, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain

    Magín Lapuerta

Authors
  1. Duban García
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Magín Lapuerta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aída Luz Villa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Edwin Alarcón
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Felipe Bustamante
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Magín Lapuerta.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 6932 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

García, D., Lapuerta, M., Villa, A.L. et al. Influence of molecular structure of oleoresin-derived compounds on flame properties and emissions from laminar flames. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 33890–33902 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09555-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09555-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation