Abstract
The purpose of this work was to produce iron nanoparticles (Fe-NP) by microbial pathway from anaerobic bacteria grown in anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AnFBRs) that constitute a new stage of a waste-based biorefinery. Bioparticles from biological fluidized bed reactors from a biorefinery of organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (that produces hydrolysates rich in reducing sugars) were nanodecorated (embedded nanobioparticle or nanodecorated bioparticle, ENBP) by biological reduction of iron salts. Factors “origin of bioparticles” (either from hydrogenogenic or methanogenic fluidized bed reactor) and “type of iron precursor salt” (iron chloride or iron citrate) were explored. SEM and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed amorphous distribution of nanoparticles (NP) on the bioparticles surface, although small structures that are nanoparticle-like could be seen in the SEM micrographs. Some agglomeration of NPs was confirmed by DLS. Average NP size was lower in general for NP in ENBP-M than ENBP-H according to HRTEM. The factors did not have a significant influence on the specific surface area of NPs, which was high and in the range 490 to 650 m2 g−1. Analysis by EDS displayed consistent iron concentration 60–65% iron in nanoparticles present in ENBP-M (bioparticles previously grown in methanogenic bioreactor), whereas the iron concentration in NPs present in ENBP-H (bioparticles previously grown in hydrogenogenic bioreactor) was more variable in a range from 8.5 to 62%, depending on the iron salt. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the typical peaks for magnetite at 35° (3 1 1), 43° (4 0 0), and 62° (4 0 0); moreover, siderite diffraction pattern was found at 26° (0 1 2), 38° (1 1 0), and 42° (1 1 3). Results of infrared analysis of ENBP in our work were congruent with presence of magnetite and occasionally siderite determined by XRD analysis as well as presence of both Fe+2 and F+3 (and selected satellite signal peaks) observed by XPS. Our results on the ENBPs hold promise for water treatment, since iron NPs are commonly used in wastewater technologies that treat a wide variety of pollutants. Finally, the biological production of ENBP coupled to a biorefinery could become an environmentally friendly platform for nanomaterial biosynthesis as well as an additional source of revenues for a waste-based biorefinery.
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Abbreviations
- AnFBR:
-
Anaerobic fluidized bed reactor
- AnFBR-H:
-
Anaerobic fluidized bed reactor producing biological hydrogen
- AnFBR-M:
-
Anaerobic fluidized bed reactor producing methane
- BE:
-
Binding energy
- BET:
-
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, surface adsorption method
- BP:
-
Bioparticle
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- CODi :
-
Chemical oxygen demand at the start of biosynthesis process
- CODf :
-
Chemical oxygen demand at the end of biosynthesis process
- 2,4-D:
-
2,4-Dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid
- db:
-
Dry basis
- DCA:
-
Dichloroethane
- DLS:
-
Dynamic light scattering
- EDS:
-
Energy-dispersive spectroscopy
- ENBP:
-
Embedded nanobioparticle or nanodecorated bioparticle
- ENBP-H:
-
Embedded nanobioparticle from hydrogenogenic AnFBR-H
- ENBP-M:
-
Embedded nanobioparticle from methanogenic AnFBR-M
- FWHM:
-
Full width at half maximum of a peak in a given spectrum
- GAC:
-
Granular activated carbon
- H:
-
Source of ENBPs, i.e., from an AnFBR worked on dark fermentation regime
- HRTEM:
-
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy
- HSP :
-
Heat shock pretreatment
- IR:
-
Infrared spectroscopy
- M:
-
Source of ENBPs, i.e., from an AnFBR worked on methanogenic regime
- MRI:
-
Seeding or inoculating methanogenic reactor
- NP:
-
Nanoparticle
- nZVI:
-
Nanozero valent iron
- OFMSW:
-
Organic fraction of municipal solid wastes
- PAC:
-
Powdered activated carbon
- PCE:
-
Perchloroethylene
- RI:
-
Relative intensity
- SAED:
-
Selected area electron diffraction
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- TCA:
-
Trichloroethane
- TCE:
-
Trichloroethylene
- VFA:
-
Volatile fatty acids
- VSS:
-
Volatile suspended solids
- wb:
-
Wet basis
- XPS:
-
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
- ρ :
-
Ratio of total volatile fatty acids (COD basis)-to-solvents (COD basis)
- 2θ :
-
Angle between transmitted X-ray beam and reflected beam
- η COD :
-
Efficiency of organic matter removal in terms of chemical oxygen demand
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to gratefully recognize the Associate Editor and anonymous Reviewers for their advice and insightful comments. The authors wish to thank Mr. Rafael Hernández-Vera, M.Sc. (Environmental Biotechnology and Renewable Energies Group GBAER); Mr. Adolfo Tavira Fuentes, M. Sc. and Mr. Miguel Galvan Arellano, M.Sc. (both with SEES, Dept. Electrical Engineering); Dr. Álvaro Ángeles Pascual (LANE); Dr. Marcela Guerrero Cruz, Dr. Jaime Santoyo Salazar, Dr. Ángel Guillén Cervantes and Dr. Sergio Armando Tomás Velázquez (Dept. of Physics); Mr. Gabriel Marcelino Pérez, Cand. Dr. Sc. (Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Program); Prof. Elvira Ríos-Leal (Analytical Center of the Dept. of Biotechnology and Bioengineering); and Ms. Miriam Marisol Tellez Cruz, C and. Dr. Sc. (Dept. of Chemistry) from CINVESTAV-IPN, for their valuable advice and excellent technical assistance in operation and characterization of bioreactor performance as well as the characterization of bionanoparticles.
Funding
CINVESTAV-IPN provided partial financial support to this research. HMP-V also financially supported this research. CONACYT awarded a graduate scholarship No. 300205 to LRC and an Infrastructure Project to HMP-V.
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Romero-Cedillo, L., Poggi-Varaldo, H.M., Santoyo-Salazar, J. et al. Biological synthesis of iron nanoparticles using hydrolysates from a waste-based biorefinery. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 28649–28669 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08729-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08729-w