Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) has become one of the most important environmental pollutants in the world, derived from natural and industrial sources, which is known to be accumulated in the human body, producing serious health effects. On the other hand, Selenium (Se) is an essential element for mammals, which is well known for its antagonistic interaction against Cd toxicity, such as the prevention of oxidative stress induced by this element. For this reason, the use of complementary analytical methods to study the homeostasis of metals, “traffic” between different organs and massive information about metabolites altered by the exposure, is of great interest. To this end, a metabolomic workflow based on the use of direct infusion mass spectrometry (DIMS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was applied in mice serum. On the other hand, metal homeostasis and traffic between different organs and serum of mice exposed to Cd and Se have been evaluated by determining the concentration of metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This work demonstrates for the first time that Cd exposure causes a decrease of all the elements studied in the lung except itself. On the other hand, Se provokes As trafficking from metabolically less active organs (brain, lung, and testes) to others with greater metabolic activity (kidney), which also facilitates its excretion. Moreover, when mice are only exposed to Se, it provokes the accumulation of almost all the elements in the kidney, except Cd that increases also in the liver and brain. However, when both elements are simultaneously administered, Se increases Cd concentration in all the organs except in the serum and especially in the testis. On the other hand, important metabolic alterations have been detected in the energy and amino acid metabolism, as well as degradation of phospholipidic membranes, and in free fatty acids. In summary, the results show the high potential of the combined use of organic and inorganic mass spectrometry to establish Cd and Se interaction and the biological impairments caused and to provide information about metal traffic and metabolomic changes in exposure experiments.
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Funding
This work has been financially supported by projects CTM2015-67902-C2-1-P and PG2018-096608-B-C21 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and P12-FQM-0442 from the Regional Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment (Andalusian Government, Spain). Gema Rodríguez Moro would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for a PhD scholarship (BES-2013-064501). Finally, authors are grateful to FEDER (European Community) for the financial support, grant numbers UNHU13-1E-1611 and UNHU15-CE-3140.
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All animals received humane care in compliance with the guidelines of the animal care and use of the European Community. The investigation was performed with the consent of the Ethical Committee of the University of Huelva (Spain).
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Rodríguez-Moro, G., Roldán, F.N., Baya-Arenas, R. et al. Metabolic impairments, metal traffic, and dyshomeostasis caused by the antagonistic interaction of cadmium and selenium using organic and inorganic mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 1762–1775 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06573-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06573-1