Abstract
Increasing degradation of amoxicillin in water by low-cost advanced functional activated carbon-based materials derived from bagasse is an effective and economic way to remove the antibiotic residue pollutant and for high-valued utilization and transformation of plant wastes. In this work, bagasse was pyrolyzed and Zn2+ was activated for designing a high-efficiency bagasse-based activated carbon, which was characterized by FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM, EDS, and ζ potential analyses. These analyses illustrated the mechanism of amoxicillin degradation, and microscale zero-valent zinc in bagasse-based activated carbon has a key role in amoxicillin degradation. Amoxicillin was broken down by reductive degraded radicals, which were produced by microscale zero-valent zinc corrosion in water. After the amoxicillin degradation, the byproduct of zinc hydroxide being adsorbed onto the used bagasse-based activated carbon can provide possibility of sustainable regeneration. Mass spectra analysis illustrated the main degradation products of amoxicillin. The kinetic experiments were adopted to observe the process of amoxicillin degradation, followed by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The isotherm experiments demonstrated that the maximum amoxicillin degradation capacity of bagasse-based activated carbon was about 46 mg g−1. The bagasse wastes were used as carbon source to design potential advanced activated carbon materials for increasing degradation of amoxicillin in water.
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Abbreviations
- mZVZ:
-
Active sites on BAC
- Q t :
-
Amounts of AMX adsorbed at contact time (mg/g)
- Q e :
-
Amounts of AMX adsorbed at equilibrium time (mg/g)
- C t :
-
Non-degraded AMX concentration at any time (mg/L)
- C e :
-
Non-degraded AMX concentration at equilibrium time (mg/L)
- m :
-
Weight of BAC (g)
- V :
-
Volume of the AMX solution
- k obs :
-
Rate constant for first-order kinetics (min−1)
- R 2 :
-
Correlation coefficient
- E a :
-
Apparent activation energy (kJ mol−1)
- A 0 :
-
Pre-exponential factor
- C :
-
Intercept for any experiment (intraparticle diffusion model)
- k i :
-
Diffusion rate constant (mg/g min0.5)
- k l :
-
Langmuir constant (m g−1)
- Q max :
-
Langmuir monolayer degradation capacity (mg g−1)
- n :
-
Freundlich constant which related to the adsorption strength
- k f :
-
Freundlich constant which indicates the adsorption capacity
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Acknowledgments
Support of this research from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51773159, 51303142), the Science and Technology Planning Program of Guangdong (no. 2015A010105018), and the Special Fund of Guangdong Academy of Science (grant number no. 2018GDASCX-0105) is acknowledged.
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ESM 1
Effect of solution pH on ζ potential of BAC and AMX degradation; comparison of pseudo-first-order and intraparticle diffusion models of AMX degradation; cycle regeneration of batch experiments for Fe-CL; BET surface area of BC and BAC; atom content of BAC and used BAC. (DOCX 628 kb)
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Yu, Z., Cai, Y., Lu, Y. et al. Regenerable bagasse-based carbon activated by in situ formation of zero-valent zinc microparticles for high-performance degradation of amoxicillin in water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 27677–27686 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05967-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05967-5