Abstract
China’s industrial energy consumption accounted for approximately 70% of national energy demand in the past four decades. Regarding energy demand and environmental pollution, success in controlling energy demand and reducing energy intensity for industrial sectors in China would play a crucial role for the country’s sustainable growth problems. To formulate targeted energy plans, the features and characters of China’s industrial energy intensity should be carefully evaluated. In this study, a carefully designed econometric model that considers different technological factors including indigenous R&D and technology spillovers from foreign direct investment and trade under a united framework is applied to investigate the β-convergence characteristics for China’s industrial energy intensity by employing a panel dataset covering China’s 34 industrial sectors over 2000–2010. The results verify the existence of β-convergence in industrial energy intensity during the sample period. For the industrial sectors overall and the light industrial sectors, the empirical results indicate that indigenous R&D and technology spillovers from FDI and imports are beneficial in curbing energy intensity. However, technology spillover through exports makes it harder to reduce energy intensity. In addition, not all technological factors have played a significant role in reducing energy intensity for the heavy industrial sectors.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The CH-LP framework originates from the famous publications including Coe and Helpman (1995) (referenced as CH) and Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie and Lichtenberg (1998) (referenced as LP). It is then commonly employed to measure the technology spillovers coming from FDI and trade in the international academic.
For the openness, FDI is denoted by China’s actual use of foreign capital. The data on China’s imports with related countries (regions) are calculated at the customs of the countries (regions) of origin, and the data on China’s exports are calculated at the customs of the countries (regions) of destination. Since Hong Kong is one of the largest entrepot trade centers all over the world, a huge amount of China’s commodities exported to Hong Kong is enroute; therefore, the data on China’s exports to Hong Kong should be adjusted by deleting the amount of re-exports. Here, in line with Huang et al. (2017b), for simplicity, we assume that China’s exports to Hong Kong are the same to China’s imports from Hong Kong.
The code and definition for the 34 industrial sectors are shown in the Appendix.
The classification for the heavy industrial sectors and light industrial sectors can also be found in the Appendix.
References
Adhikari D, Chen Y (2014) Energy productivity convergence in Asian countries: a spatial panel data approach. Int J Econ Financ 6:94–107
Arellano M, Bond S (1991) Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Rev Econ Stud 58:277–297
Burnett JW, Madariaga J (2016) The convergence of U.S. state-level energy intensity. Energy Econ 62:357–370
Coe DT, Helpman E (1995) International R&D spillovers. Eur Econ Rev 39:859–887
Herrerias MJ (2012) World energy intensity convergence revisited: a weighted distribution dynamics approach. Energy Policy 49:383–399
Hu H, Li X, Yang FX, Islam J (2016) Total factor productivity and energy intensity: an empirical study of China’s cement industry. Emerg Mark Financ Trade 52:1405–1413
Huang JB (2018) Investigating the driving forces of China’s carbon intensity based on a dynamic spatial model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:21833–21843
Huang B, Meng L (2013) Convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in urban China: a spatio-temporal perspective. Appl Geogr 40:21–29
Huang JB, Yu SW (2016) Effects of investment on China’s energy intensity: evidence from China. Chinese Journal of Population Resource and Environment 14:197–207
Huang JB, Du D, Hao Y (2017a) The driving forces of the change in China energy intensity an empirical research using DEA-Malmquist and spatial panel estimations. Econ Model 65:41–50
Huang JB, Du D, Tao QZ (2017b) An analysis of technological factors and energy intensity in China. Energy Policy 109:1–9
Huang JB, Hao Y, Lei HY (2018) Indigenous versus foreign innovation and energy intensity in China. Renew Sust Energ Rev 81:1721–1729
Jobert T, Karanfil F, Tykhonenko A (2010) Convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the EU: legend or reality? Energy Econ 32:1364–1373
Karimu A, Brännlund R, Lundgren T, Söderholm P (2017) Energy intensity and convergence in Swedish industry: a combined econometric and decomposition analysis. Energy Econ 62:347–356
Li Y, Sun L, Feng TW, Zhu CY (2013) How to reduce energy intensity in China: a regional comparison perspective. Energy Policy 61:513–522
Li JB, Huang XJ, Yang H, Chuai XW, Wu CY (2017) Convergence of carbon intensity in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Habitat International 60:58–68
Liao H, Fan Y, Wei YM (2007) What induced China’s energy intensity to fluctuate: 1997–2006? Energy Policy 35:4640–4649
Liddle B (2010) Revisiting world energy intensity convergence for regional differences. Appl Energy 87:3218–3225
Liddle B (2012) OECD energy intensity: measures, trends, and convergence. Energy Efficiency 5:583–597
Liu K, Bai HK, Wang JB, Lin BQ (2018a) How to reduce energy intensity in China’s heavy industry evidence from a seemingly uncorrelated regression. J Clean Prod 180:708–715
Liu L, Zhou C, Huang JB, Hao Y (2018b) The impact of financial development on energy demand: evidence from China. Emerg Mark Financ Trade 54:269–287
Markandya A, Pedroso-Galinato S, Streimikiene D (2006) Energy intensity in transition economies: is there convergence towards the EU average? Energy Econ 28:121–145
Meng M, Payne JE, Lee J (2013) Convergence in per capita energy use among OECD countries. Energy Econ 36:536–545
Mulder P, Groot HLF (2012) Structural change and convergence of energy intensity across OECD countries, 1970–2005. Energy Econ 34:1910–1921
Ouyang XL, Sun CW (2015) Energy savings potential in China’s industrial sector: from the perspectives of factor price distortion and allocative inefficiency. Energy Econ 48:117–126
Phillips PCB, Sul D (2007) Transition modeling and econometric convergence tests. Econometrica 75:1771–1855
Qi JH, Chen XL (2011) Imported-export and energy utilizing efficiency: evidence from panel data of manufactured industries in China. South Economics 1:14–25 (In Chinese)
Solow RM (1956) A contribution to the theory of economic growth. Q J Econ 70:65–94
State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision (SBQTS) (2002) Industrial Classification and Codes for National Economic Activities (GB/T4754–2002) (in Chinese) is China Statistics Press, Beijing, China
Teng YH (2011) Indigenous R&D, technology import and energy consumption intensity: evidence from industrial sectors in China. China population, resource and environment 21:169–174 (in Chinese)
Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B, Lichtenberg F (1998) International R&D spillovers: A re-examination. Eur Econ Rev 42:1483–1491
Wang R (2018) Energy efficiency in China's industry sectors: A non-parametric production frontier approach analysis. J Clean Prod 200:880–889
Wang BB, Qi SZ (2014) Biased technological progress, factor substitution and China’s Industrial energy intensity. Economic Research 2:115–127 (in Chinese)
Wang J, Zhang KZ (2014) Convergence of carbon dioxide emissions in different sectors in China. Energy 65:605–611
Weeks M, Yao JY (2003) Provincial conditional income convergence in China, 1953–1997: a panel data approach. Econ Rev 22:59–77
Wu YR (2012) Energy intensity and its determinants in China’s regional economies. Energy Policy 41:703–711
Yan HJ (2015) Provincial energy intensity in China: the role of urbanization. Energy Policy 86:635–650
Yannick LP, Benot S (2010) On the non-convergence of energy intensities: evidence from a pair-wise econometric approach. Ecol Econ 69:641–650
Zhang ZX (2003) Why did the energy intensity fall in China’s industrial sector in the 1990s? The relative importance of structural change and intensity. Energy Econ 25:625–638
Zhang DY, Broadstock DC (2016) Club convergence in the energy intensity of China. Energy J 37:137–159
Zhao XT, Burnett JW, Lacombe DJ (2015) Province-level convergence of China’s carbon dioxide emissions. Appl Energy 150:286–295
Zheng YM, Qi JH, Chen XL (2011) The effect of increasing exports on industrial energy intensity in China. Energy Policy 39:2688–2698
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Muhammad Shahbaz
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Highlights
• The convergence of energy intensity for Chinese industrial sectors is investigated.
• There is evidence that β-convergence exists.
• Indigenous R&D activities play a key role in reducing China’s industrial energy intensity.
• Technology spillovers coming from openness are beneficial for industrial energy intensity reduction except for the export.
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, J., Zheng, X., Wang, A. et al. Convergence analysis of China’s energy intensity at the industrial sector level. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 7730–7742 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3994-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3994-7