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Mitigation of NOx emission using aromatic and phenolic antioxidant-treated biodiesel blends in a multi-cylinder diesel engine

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Abstract

The present work analyzes the effect of antioxidants on engine combustion performance of a multi-cylinder diesel engine fueled with PB30 and PB50 (30 and 50 vol.% palm biodiesel (PB)). Four antioxidants namely N,N′-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DPPD), N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (NPPD), 2(3)-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA), and 2-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol (TBHQ) were added at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 ppm to PB30 and PB50. TBHQ showed the highest activity in increasing oxidation stability in both PB30 and PB50 followed by BHA, DPPD, and NPPD respectively, without any negative effect on physical properties. Compared to diesel fuel, PB blends showed 4.61–6.45% lower brake power (BP), 5.90–8.69% higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), 9.64–11.43% higher maximum in cylinder pressure, and 7.76–12.51% higher NO emissions. Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke opacity were reduced by 36.78–43.56%, 44.12–58.21%, and 42.59–63.94%, respectively, than diesel fuel. The start of combustion angles (SOC) of PB blends was − 13.2 to − 15.6 °CA BTDC, but the combustion delays were 5.4–7.8 °CA short compared to diesel fuel which were − 10 °CA BTDC and 11°CA respectively. Antioxidant fuels of PB showed higher BP (1.81–5.32%), CO (8.41–24.60%), and HC (13.51–37.35%) with lower BSFC (1.67–7.68%), NO (4.32–11.53%), maximum in cylinder pressure (2.33–4.91%) and peak heat release rates (HRR) (3.25–11.41%) than baseline fuel of PB. Similar SOC of − 13 to − 14 °CA BTDC was observed for PB blended fuels and antioxidants. It can be concluded that antioxidants’ addition is effective in increasing the oxidation stability and in controlling the NOx emissions of palm biodiesel fuelled diesel engine.

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Abbreviations

PB:

palm biodiesel

DPPD:

N,N′-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine

NPPD:

N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine

BHA:

2(3)-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol

TBHQ:

2-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol

BP:

brake power

BSFC:

brake specific fuel consumption

NO:

nitric oxide

HRR:

heat release rate

CO:

carbon monoxide

HC:

hydrocarbon

EDA:

ethylenediamine

BHT:

butylated hydroxytoluene

EHN:

2-ethylhexyl nitrate

PY:

1,2,3 tri bydroxy benzene

PG:

3,4,5-tri hydroxy benzoic acid

CIB:

Calophyllum inophyllum oil biodiesel

JB:

Jatropha biodiesel

SB:

soybean biodiesel

CB:

Cocos nucifera biodiesel

S:

stroke

WC:

water cooled

CA BTDC:

before top dead center

Std.:

standard deviation

ECU:

engine control unit

OS:

oxidation stability

CA:

crank angle

CA ATDC:

after top dead center

SOC:

start of combustion

EOC:

end of combustion

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Universiti Teknologi Petronas for the Graduate Assistantship Scheme (GA), Blue Nile University, Ahmad Shahrul, Firman Syah, Ezrann Zharif Zainal, Mahfuzrazi B. Mishbahulmunir, Ali Elheber Ahmed, Mhadi Abakar, Salaheldin Mohammed, and Mohammed El Adawy for their support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Automotive Research and Electric Mobility, Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    Ibrahim Khalil Adam, Morgan Heikal & Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz

  2. Mechanical Engineering Department, Blue Nile University, 143, Er Roseires, Ad Damazin, Sudan

    Ibrahim Khalil Adam

  3. Environment and Technology Department, University of Brighton Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK

    Morgan Heikal

  4. Center of Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Biomass Processing Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    Suzana Yusup

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  1. Ibrahim Khalil Adam
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  2. Morgan Heikal
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Correspondence to Ibrahim Khalil Adam.

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Adam, I.K., Heikal, M., Aziz, A.R.A. et al. Mitigation of NOx emission using aromatic and phenolic antioxidant-treated biodiesel blends in a multi-cylinder diesel engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 28500–28516 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2863-8

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