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Assessment and usability of Jatropha biodiesel blend with phenolic antioxidant to control NOx emissions of an unmodified diesel engine

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Abstract

The excessive utilization of fossil fuels has worsened global warming and exacerbated the levels of air pollution in the environment, forcing us to consider alternative fuels for compression ignition engines. The current research aims to explore the possibilities of renewable fuels outperforming diesel fuel in terms of combustion, performance, and emission characteristics. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly and renewable alternative fuel. The major drawback of biodiesel is the significant rise in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. The main novelty and objective of this research is to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of variable compression ratio diesel engine using DPA antioxidant additive. For this investigation, diesel, Jatropha biodiesel (B30) and 100 ppm of phenolic antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) blended with B30 have been used as fuel named B30+DPA100. From experimental outcomes, the inclusion of diphenylamine to B30 blend resulted in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) being reduced by 8.86% and 4.12%, respectively, compared to B30. Simultaneously, there was a 1.11% increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTHE). The B30+DPA100 fuel blend demonstrates effective control over NOx and other emissions. The emissions of NOx, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke from the B30+DPA100 blend have shown a reduction of 6.8%, 5.34%, 7.86%, and 15.67%, respectively, when compared to diesel. However, there has been an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) by 7.8%. One notable advantage of the B30+DPA100 blend is the significant decrease in NOx emissions. Additionally, the cylinder pressure for B30+DPA100 has been lowered by 4.93% compared to B30. On the other hand, the net heat release rate (NHR) has experienced a 1.72% increase. The particle size of different elements present in the crankcase oil has been calculated by Zetasizer Nano. The analysis revealed varying particle sizes for different elements in the crankcase oil: aluminum (2.724 μm), chromium (2.78 μm), iron (2.423 μm), and lead (2.587 μm).

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

VCR:

Variable compression ratio

CI:

Compression ignition

CR:

Compression ratio

FIP:

Fuel injection pressure

EGR-HOT:

Exhaust gas recirculation hot

DAQ:

Data acquisition system

DPA:

Diphenylamine

CPMax:

Maximum cylinder pressure

NHR:

Net heat release rate

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

WCO:

Waste cooking oil

O2 :

Oxygen

BP:

Brake power

BMEP:

Brake mean effective pressure

BSFC:

Brake-specific fuel consumption

BTHE:

Brake thermal efficiency

EGT:

Exhaust gas temperature

NOx:

Nitrogen oxides

CO:

Carbon monoxide

HC:

Hydrocarbon

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

BHA:

Butylated hydroxyanisole

BHT:

Butylated hydroxytoluene

D100:

Pure diesel

B100:

Pure Jatropha oil

B30:

30% Jatropha oil and 70% diesel

B30+DPA100:

B30 + 100 ppm of diphenylamine

Kg:

Kilogram

rev/min:

Revolution per minute

Hz:

Hertz

ppm:

Parts per million

C:

Degree Celsius

kW:

Kilowatt

kJ/Kg:

Kilo joule per kilogram

mm:

Millimeter

cc:

Cubic centimeter

Kg/kWh:

Kilograms per kilowatt-hour

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Vijay Kumar & Akhilesh Kumar Choudhary

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  1. Vijay Kumar
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V.K.: concept development, experiments conducted, data collection, and first draft preparation. A.K.C.: concept development, supervision, data analysis, review, and editing of the paper.

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Kumar, V., Choudhary, A.K. Assessment and usability of Jatropha biodiesel blend with phenolic antioxidant to control NOx emissions of an unmodified diesel engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 108051–108066 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29995-4

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