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Applicability and efficacy of diatom indices in water quality evaluation of the Chambal River in Central India

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Abstract

Diatom indices have gained considerable popularity in estimation of the trophic state and degree of pollution in lotic ecosystems. However, their applicability and efficacy have rarely been tested in Indian streams and rivers. In the present study, benthic diatom assemblages were sampled at 27 sites along the Chambal River in Central India. PCA revealed three groups of sites, namely, heavily polluted (HVPL), moderately polluted (MDPL), and least polluted (SANT). A total of 100 diatom taxa belonging to 40 genera were identified. Brachysira vitrea (Grunow) was the most abundant species recorded from the least polluted sites with an average relative abundance of 29.52. Nitzschia amphibia (Grunow) was representative of heavily polluted sites (average relative abundance 31.71) whereas moderately polluted sites displayed a dominance of Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kϋtzing) with an average relative abundance of 26.33. CCA was used to explore the relationship between diatom assemblage composition and environmental variables. Seventeen different diatom indices were calculated using diatom assemblage data. The relationship between measured water quality variables and index scores was also investigated. Most of the diatom indices exhibited strong correlations with water quality variables including BOD, COD, conductivity, and nutrients, particularly phosphate. Best results were obtained for TDI and IPS indices which showed a high level of resolution with respect to discrimination of sites on the basis of pollution gradients. Water quality maps for the Chambal River were hence prepared in accordance with these two indices. However, satisfactory results with respect to water quality evaluation were also obtained by the application of EPI-D and IGD indices. The present study suggests that TDI and IPS are applicable for biomonitoring of rivers of Central India. Diatom indices, which are simpler to use such as IGD, may be considered, at least for a coarser evaluation of water quality.

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Abbreviations

PCA:

Principal component analysis

CCA:

Canonical correspondence analysis

DCA:

Detrended correspondence analysis

HVPL:

Heavily polluted sites

MDPL:

Moderately polluted sites

SANT:

Sanctuary sites

WQI:

Water quality index

TDI:

Trophic diatom index

IPS:

Specific sensitivity pollution index

IBD:

Biological diatom index

CEE:

Commission for Economical Community index

EPI-D:

Eutrophication/pollution index

IDP:

Pampean diatom index

SLA:

Sladecek index

DESCY:

Descy’s pollution index

SHE:

Schiefele and Schreiner’s index

WAT:

Watanabe index

IGD:

Generic diatom index

DI-CH:

Swiss diatom index

SID:

Rott. saprobic index

TID:

Rott. trophic index

DO:

Dissolved oxygen

EC:

Electrical conductivity

BOD:

Biological oxygen demand

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

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Acknowledgements

This study was possible due to the provision of funds from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. We would like to thank Ms. Shivangi Somvanshi (Amity University) for helping us with the statistical analysis of the data. Special thanks to Prof. RL Stevenson and Dr. Ingrid Juttner for providing answers to some conceptual questions.

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  1. Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201303, India

    Prateek Srivastava, Sarika Grover & Ambrina Sardar Khan

  2. Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India

    Jyoti Verma

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  1. Prateek Srivastava
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  2. Sarika Grover
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Correspondence to Prateek Srivastava.

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Srivastava, P., Grover, S., Verma, J. et al. Applicability and efficacy of diatom indices in water quality evaluation of the Chambal River in Central India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 25955–25976 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0166-0

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