Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) exerts a major effect on human and animal health and has led to serious worldwide economic problems. In this study, we investigated whether proanthocyanidin (PC) can prevent ZEN-induced testicular oxidative damage in male mice and explored the underlying mechanism. Kunming mice were injected with ZEN (40 mg kg−1) on the 11th day after intragastric administration of PC (75 or 150 mg/kg) for 10 days; the sperm quality of mice was then analysed statistically. Additionally, testicular morphology parameters related to oxidative damage, apoptosis and the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes (GRP78, CHOP and XBP-1) were all measured. Results showed that ZEN exposure significantly reduced the sperm density, improved the sperm aberration rate, increased the MDA level and reduced SOD and GSH-Px activities. Meanwhile, ZEN was attributed to the downregulation of the expressions of the gene and protein of Bcl-2 and upregulation of the expressions of the gene and protein of Bax and caspase-3. ZEN exposure also upregulated the mRNA expression of GRP78, CHOP and XBP-1; however, PC pre-treatment reduced ZEN-induced oxidative damage and tended to maintain normal testicular morphology. Furthermore, PC pre-treatment substantially downregulated the expressions of the GRP78, CHOP and XBP-1 and upregulated the expression of the Bcl-2 gene. In conclusion, PC, due to its anti-oxidative ability, could ameliorate ZEN-induced testicular reproductive toxicity in male mice by decreasing ER stress and testicular cell apoptosis.
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Abbreviations
- ZEN:
-
Zearalenone
- CRO:
-
Crocin
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- GSH-Px:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- PC:
-
Proanthocyanidin
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- GRP78:
-
Glucose-regulated protein 78
- CHOP:
-
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein
- XBP-1:
-
X-box binding protein1
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Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31201961; grant no. 31302152). China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project grants (2014M551125); The general program of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education Science Research (L2014561).
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Long, M., Yang, S., Zhang, Y. et al. Proanthocyanidin protects against acute zearalenone-induced testicular oxidative damage in male mice. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 938–946 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7886-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7886-4