Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Positive matrix factorization as source apportionment of soil lead and cadmium around a battery plant (Changxing County, China)

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Chemical compositions of soil samples are multivariate in nature and provide datasets suitable for the application of multivariate factor analytical techniques. One of the analytical techniques, the positive matrix factorization (PMF), uses a weighted least square by fitting the data matrix to determine the weights of the sources based on the error estimates of each data point. In this research, PMF was employed to apportion the sources of heavy metals in 104 soil samples taken within a 1-km radius of a lead battery plant contaminated site in Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China. The site is heavily contaminated with high concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). PMF successfully partitioned the variances into sources related to soil background, agronomic practices, and the lead battery plants combined with a geostatistical approach. It was estimated that the lead battery plants and the agronomic practices contributed 55.37 and 29.28 %, respectively, for soil Pb of the total source. Soil Cd mainly came from the lead battery plants (65.92 %), followed by the agronomic practices (21.65 %), and soil parent materials (12.43 %). This research indicates that PMF combined with geostatistics is a useful tool for source identification and apportionment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bao SD (2007) Soil agricultural chemistry analysis. China Agricultur, Beijing (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloemen ML, Markert B, Lieth H (1995) The distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in topsoils of Osnabrück in relation to land use. Sci Total Environ 166(1):137–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booty WG, Resler O, McCrimmon C (2005) Mass balance modelling of priority toxic chemicals within the great lakes toxic chemical decision support system: RateCon model results for Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Environ Model Softw 20(6):671–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown AS, Brown RJ (2012) Correlations in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in UK ambient air and implications for source apportionment. J Environ Monitor 14(8):2072–2082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng HF, Hu Y (2010) Lead (Pb) isotopic fingerprinting and its applications in lead pollution studies in China: a review. Environ Pollut 158(5):1134–1146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloquet C, Carignan J, Libourel G, Sterckeman T, Perdrix E (2006) Tracing source pollution in soils using cadmium and lead isotopes. Environ Sci Technol 40(8):2525–2530

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compilation committee of the first China pollution source census (2011) Collected works of the first China pollution source census (V): data set of pollution source census. China Environmental Science, Beijing (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong YX, Zheng W, Zhou JX, Wang QH, Wu XY, Lu J (2007) Soil geochemical background in Zhejiang Province. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eklund M (1995) Cadmium and lead deposition around a Swedish battery plant as recorded in oak tree rings. J Environ Qual 24(1):126–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Facchinelli A, Sacchi E, Mallen L (2001) Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environ Pollut 114(3):313–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Sagasti MT, Alkorta I, Becerril JM, Epelde L, Anza M, Garbisu C (2012) Microbial monitoring of the recovery of soil quality during heavy metal phytoremediation. Water Air Soil Pollut 223(6):3249–3262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goovaerts P (1999) Geostatistics in soil science: state-of-the-art and perspectives. Geoderma 89(1):1–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo XD, Fu BJ, Ma KM, Chen LD, Wang J (2001) Spatio-temporal variability of soil nutrients in the Zunhua plain, northern China. Phys Geogr 22(4):343–360

    Google Scholar 

  • He L, Xu F, Yang J, Deng DW (2011) Distribution and determination of cadmium in lead-acid battery. Phys Test Chem Anal (Part B Chem Anal) 47:1024–1025 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellström L, Persson B, Brudin L, Grawé KP, Öborn I, Järup L (2007) Cadmium exposure pathways in a population living near a battery plant. Sci Total Environ 373(2):447–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopke PK (2003) Recent developments in receptor modeling. J Chemometics 17(5):255–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu YA, Cheng HF (2013) Application of stochastic models in identification and apportionment of heavy metal pollution sources in the surface soils of a large-scale region. Environ Sci Technol 47(8):3752–3760

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu Y, Liu XP, Bai JM, Shih K, Zeng EY, Cheng HF (2013) Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20(9):6150–6159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang SS, Liao QL, Hua M, Wu XM, Bi KS, Yan CY, Chen B, Zhang XY (2007) Survey of heavy metal pollution and assessment of agricultural soil in Yangzhong district, Jiangsu Province, China. Chemosphere 67(11):2148–2155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanphear BP, Matte TD, Rogers J, Clickner RP, Dietz B, Bornschein RL et al (1998) The contribution of lead-contaminated house dust and residential soil to children’s blood lead levels: a pooled analysis of 12 epidemiologic studies. Environ Res 79(1):51–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li SY, Zhang QF (2011) Response of dissolved trace metals to land use/land cover and their source apportionment using a receptor model in a subtropic river, China. J Hazard Mater 190(1):205–213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li HG, Shi JC, Wu JJ (2013) Spatial variability characteristics of soil heavy metals in the cropland and its pollution source identification around the contaminated sites. J Zhejiang Univ (Agric Life Sci) 39(3):325–334 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang OF, Li JX, Qiu JX (2003) Harmful effects of lead on human health. Guangdong Trace Elem Sci 10(7):57–59 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linzon SN, Chai BL, Temple PJ, Pearson RG, Smith ML (1976) Lead contamination of urban soils and vegetation by emissions from secondary lead industries. Japca J Air Waste Manag 26(7):650–654

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu XM, Wu JJ, Xu JM (2006) Characterizing the risk assessment of heavy metals and sampling uncertainty analysis in paddy field by geostatistics and GIS. Environ Pollut 141(2):257–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loganathan P, Hedley MJ, Gregg PEH, Currie LD (1996) Effect of phosphate fertiliser type on the accumulation and plant availability of cadmium in grassland soils. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 46(3):169–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lormphongs S, Miyashita K, Morioka I, Chaikittiporn C, Miyai N, Yamamoto H (2003) Lead exposure and blood lead level of workers in a battery manufacturing plant in Thailand. Ind Health 41(4):348–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malik RN, Jadoon WA, Husain SZ (2010) Metal contamination of surface soils of industrial city Sialkot, Pakistan: a multivariate and GIS approach. Environ Geochem Health 32(3):179–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massoudieh A, Gellis A, Banks WS, Wieczorek ME (2013) Suspended sediment source apportionment in Chesapeake Bay watershed using Bayesian chemical mass balance receptor modeling. Hydrol Process 27(24):3363–3374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishima S-I, Taniguchi S, Kawasaki A, Komada M (2005) Estimation of zinc and copper balance in Japanese farmland soil associated with the application of chemical fertilizers and livestock excreta. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 51(3):437–442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nanos N, Rodríguez Martín JA (2012) Multiscale analysis of heavy metal contents in soils: spatial variability in the Duero river basin (Spain). Geoderma 189:554–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson F, Smith S, Alloway B, Carlton-Smith C, Chambers B (2003) An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales. Sci Total Environ 311(1):205–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norris G, Vedantham R, Wade K, Brown S, Prouty J, Foley C (2008) EPA positive matrix factorization (PMF) 3.0 fundamentals & user guide. US Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and Development, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Paatero P (1997) Least squares formulation of robust non-negative factor analysis. Chemom Intell Lab Syst 37(1):23–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paatero P, Hopke PK (2009) Rotational tools for factor analytic models. J Chemometr 23(2):91–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pepper IL (2013) The soil health: human health nexus. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 43(24):2617–2652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pichtel J, Kuroiwa K, Sawyerr HT (2000) Distribution of Pb, Cd and Ba in soils and plants of two contaminated sites. Environ Pollut 110(1):171–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieuwerts JS, Farago M, Bencko V (1999) Topsoil and housedust metal concentrations in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant. Environ Monit Assess 59(1):1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez Martín JA, Nanos N, Grau JM, Gil L, López-Arias M (2008) Multiscale analysis of heavy metal contents in Spanish agricultural topsoils. Chemosphere 70(6):1085–1096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez Martín JA, Carbonell MG, López Arias M, Grau Corbí JM (2009) Mercury content in topsoils, and geostatistical methods to identify anthropogenic input in the Ebro basin (Spain). Span J Agric Res 7(1):107–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez Martín JA, Carbonell MG, Nanos N, Gutiérrez C (2013) Source identification of soil mercury in the Spanish islands. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 64(2):171–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saito H, McKenna SA, Zimmerman D, Coburn TC (2005) Geostatistical interpolation of object counts collected from multiple strip transects: ordinary kriging versus finite domain kriging. Stoch Env Res Risk A 19(1):71–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi JC, Wang HZ, Xu JM, Wu JJ, Liu XM, Zhu HP, Yu CL (2007) Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils: a case study of Changxing, China. Environ Geol 52(1):1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • State Environmental Protection Administration of China (1995) Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618–1995) (in Chinese)

  • Subramoney P, Karnae S, Farooqui Z, John K, Gupta AK (2013) Identification of PM2.5 sources affecting a semi-arid coastal region using a chemical mass balance model. Aerosol Air Qual Res 13(1):60–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun B, Zhou SL, Zhao QG (2003) Evaluation of temporal changes of soil quality based on geostatistical analysis in the hill region of subtropical China. Geoderma 115(1):85–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang QC, Ma ZW (2004) Heavy metals in chemical fertilizer and environmental risks. Rural Ecol Environ 20(2):62–64 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei BG, Yang LS (2010) A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchem J 94(2):99–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang MK, Wang H, Zhang HM (2008) Distinguishing different sources of heavy metals in soils on the coastal plain of Eastern Zhejiang Province. Acta Sci Circumst 28(10):1946–1954 (in Chinese)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhejiang statistics bureau and Survey office of national bureau of statistics in Zhejiang (2012) Zhejiang Statistical Yearbook 2012. China Statistics, Beijing (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng LB, Cehn WP, Jiao WT, Huang JL, Wei FX (2013) Distribution characteristics and ecological risk of Pb in soils at a lead battery plant. Environ Sci 34(9):3659–3674 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zorer ÖS, Ceylan H, Doğru M (2009) Determination of heavy metals and comparison to gross radioactivity concentration in soil and sediment samples of the Bendimahi River Basin (Van, Turkey). Water Air Soil Pollut 196:75–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was jointly supported by the National High-tech R&D Program of China (863Program) (2012AA062603), the Key SQT Innovation Team of Zhejiang Province for Agro-Products Standards and Testing Technology (2010R50028), the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LY13D010001), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41071144).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China

    Jian-long Xue, Yu-you Zhi, Li-ping Yang, Jia-chun Shi, Ling-zao Zeng & Lao-sheng Wu

Authors
  1. Jian-long Xue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yu-you Zhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Li-ping Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jia-chun Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ling-zao Zeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Lao-sheng Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jia-chun Shi or Lao-sheng Wu.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Michael Matthies

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Xue, Jl., Zhi, Yy., Yang, Lp. et al. Positive matrix factorization as source apportionment of soil lead and cadmium around a battery plant (Changxing County, China). Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 7698–7707 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2726-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2726-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation