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Chemical transport models

The combined non-local diffusion and mixing schemes, and calculation of in-canopy resistance for dry deposition fluxes

  • AREA 3 • ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS • RESEARCH ARTICLE
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Abstract

Background, aim, and scope

Improving the parameterization of processes in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and surface layer, in air quality and chemical transport models. To do so, an asymmetrical, convective, non-local scheme, with varying upward mixing rates is combined with the non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion (COM). For designing it, a function depending on the dimensionless height to the power four in the ABL is suggested, which is empirically derived. Also, we suggested a new method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for dry deposition over a vegetated surface.

Materials and methods

The upward mixing rate forming the surface layer is parameterized using the sensible heat flux and the friction and convective velocities. Upward mixing rates varying with height are scaled with an amount of turbulent kinetic energy in layer, while the downward mixing rates are derived from mass conservation. The vertical eddy diffusivity is parameterized using the mean turbulent velocity scale that is obtained by the vertical integration within the ABL. In-canopy resistance is calculated by integration of inverse turbulent transfer coefficient inside the canopy from the effective ground roughness length to the canopy source height and, further, from its the canopy height.

Results

This combination of schemes provides a less rapid mass transport out of surface layer into other layers, during convective and non-convective periods, than other local and non-local schemes parameterizing mixing processes in the ABL. The suggested method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for calculating the dry deposition over a vegetated surface differs remarkably from the commonly used one, particularly over forest vegetation.

Discussion

In this paper, we studied the performance of a non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion combined with a non-local, convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer (COM) and its impact on the concentration of pollutants calculated with chemical and air-quality models. In addition, this scheme was also compared with a commonly used, local, eddy-diffusivity scheme. Simulated concentrations of NO2 by the COM scheme and new parameterization of the in-canopy resistance are closer to the observations when compared to those obtained from using the local eddy-diffusivity scheme.

Conclusions

Concentrations calculated with the COM scheme and new parameterization of in-canopy resistance, are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the local, eddy-diffusivity scheme (on the order of 15–22%).

Recommendations and perspectives

To examine the performance of the scheme, simulated and measured concentrations of a pollutant (NO2) were compared for the years 1999 and 2002. The comparison was made for the entire domain used in simulations performed by the chemical European Monitoring and Evaluation Program Unified model (version UNI-ACID, rv2.0) where schemes were incorporated.

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Acknowledgement

The research work described in this paper has been funded by the Ministry of Science Republic of Serbia under the project ‘Modelling and numerical simulations of complex physical systems’, No. ON141035 for 2006–2010. The work on this paper was partly realized by the first author during his visit to the Norwegian Meteorological Institute in Oslo.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Dragutin T. Mihailovic

  2. U.S. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20585-1290, USA

    Kiran Alapaty

  3. ACIMSI-University Center for Meteorology and Environmental Modelling, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Zorica Podrascanin

Authors
  1. Dragutin T. Mihailovic
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  2. Kiran Alapaty
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  3. Zorica Podrascanin
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Correspondence to Dragutin T. Mihailovic.

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Responsible editor: Costas Varotsos

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Mihailovic, D.T., Alapaty, K. & Podrascanin, Z. Chemical transport models. Environ Sci Pollut Res 16, 144–151 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-008-0086-0

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