Abstract
Tensile tests with simultaneous full-field strain and temperature measurements at the nominal strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 200 and 3000 s−1 are presented. Three different testing methods with specimens of the same thin and flat gage-section geometry are utilized. The full-field deformation is measured on one side of the specimen, using the DIC technique with low and high speed visible cameras, and the full-field temperature is measured on the opposite side using an IR camera. Austenitic stainless steel is used as the test material. The results show that a similar deformation pattern evolves at all strain rates with an initial uniform deformation up to the strain of 0.25–0.35, followed by necking with localized deformation with a maximum strain of 0.7–0.95. The strain rate in the necking regions can exceed three times the nominal strain rate. The duration of the tests vary from 57 s at the lowest strain rate to 197 μs at the highest strain rate. The results show temperature rise at all strain rates. The temperature rise increases with strain rate as the test duration shortens and there is less time for the heat to dissipate. At a strain rate of 0.01 s−1 the temperature rise is small (up to 48 °C) but noticeable. At a strain rate of 0.1 the temperature rises up to 140 °C and at a strain rate of 1 s−1 up to 260 °C. The temperature increase in the tests at strain rates of 200 s−1 and 3000 s−1 is nearly the same with the maximum temperature reaching 375 °C.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sutton MA, Orteu JJ, Schreier HW (2009) Image correlation for shape, motion and deformation measurements: basic concepts, theory and applications. Springer, New York
Grédiac M, Hild F (2013) Full-field measurements and identification in solid mechanics. ISTE, London
Tiwari V, Sutton MA, McNeill SR (2007) Assessment of high speed imaging systems for 2D and 3D deformation measurements: methodology development and validation. Exp Mech 47:561–579
Gilat A, Walker AL, Schmidt TE (2008) Full field strain measurement in compression and tensile split Hopkinson bar experiments. Exp Mech 49:291–302
Tiwari V, Sutton MA, McNeill SR, Xu S, Deng X, Fourney WL, Bretall D (2009) Application of 3D image correlation for full-field transient plate deformation measurements during blast loading. Int J Impact Eng 36:862–874
Saai A, Louche H, Tabourot L, Chang HJ (2010) Experimental and numerical study of the thermo-mechanical behavior of Al Bi-crystal in tension using full field measurements and micromechanical modeling. Mech Mater 42:275–292
Oliferuk W, Maj M, Zembrzycki K (2013) Determination of the energy storage rate distribution in the area of strain localization using infrared and visible imaging. Exp Mech 55:753–760
Eisenlohr A, Gutierrez-Urrutia I, Raabe D (2013) Adiabatic temperature increase associated with deformation twinning and dislocation plasticity. Acta Mater 60:3994–4004
Rodríguez-Martínez JA, Pesci R, Rusinek A (2011) Experimental study on the martensitic transformation in AISI 304 steel sheets subjected to tension under wide ranges of strain rate at room temperature. Mater Sci Eng A 528:5974–5982
Knysh P, Korkolis YP (2015) Determination of the fraction of plastic work converted into heat in metals. Mech Mater 86:71–80
Charkaluk E, Seghir R, Bodelot L, Witz J-F, Dufrénoy P (2014) Microplasticity in polycrystals: a thermomechanical experimental perspective. Exp Mech 55:741–752
El Yagoubi J, Lamon J, Batsale J-C, Dhote J, Le Flem M (2015) Multiscale thermal characterization of mechanically loaded ceramic matrix composite. Exp Mech 55:783–794
Dumoulin S, Louche H, Hopperstad OS, Børvik T (2010) Heat sources, energy storage and dissipation in high-strength steels: experiments and Modelling. Euro J Mech - A/Sol 29:461–474
Bodelot L, Charkaluk E, Sabatier L, Dufrénoy P (2011) Experimental study of heterogeneities in strain and temperature fields at the microstructural level of polycrystalline metals through fully-coupled full-field measurements by digital image correlation and infrared thermography. Mech Mater 43:654–670
Hartley KA, Duffy J, Hawley RH (1987) Measurement of the temperature profile during shear band formation in steels deforming at high strain rates. J Mech Phys Solids 35:283–301
Marchand A, Duffy J (1988) An experimental study of the formation process of adiabatic shear bands in a structural steel. J Mech Phys Solids 36:251–283
Duffy J, Chi YC (1992) On the measurement of local strain and temperature during the formation of adiabatic shear bands. Mater Sci Eng A 157:195–210
Liao S-C, Duffy J (1998) Adiabatic shear bands in a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. J Mech Phys Solids 46:2201–2231
Ranc N, Taravella L, Pina V, Herve P (2009) Temperature field measurement in titanium alloy during high strain rate loading—adiabatic shear bands phenomenon. Mech Mater 40:255–270
Zehnder AT, Rosakis AJ (1991) On the temperature distribution at the vicinity of dynamically propagating cracks in 4340 steel: experimental measurements using high speed infrared detectors. J Mech Phys Solids 39:385–415
Mason JJ, Rosakis AJ, Ravichandran G (1994) On the strain and strain rate dependence of the fraction of plastic work converted to heat: an experimental study using high speed infrared detectors and the Kolsky bar. Mech Mater 17:135–145
Kapoor R, Nemat-Nasser S (1998) Determination of temperature rise during high strain rate deformation. Mech Mater 27:1–12
Hodowany J, Ravichandran G, Rosakis AJ, Roaskis P (2000) Partition of plastic work into heat and stored energy in metals. Exp Mech 40:113–123
Noble JP, Harding J (1994) Temperature measurement in the tensile Hopkinson bar test. Meas Sci Technol 5:1163–1171
Gilat A, Matrka T (2010) A new compression intermediate strain rate testing apparatus. SEM Ann Conf & Expo ExpAppl Mech Indianapolis, IN
Acknowledgments
The research was supported by the U.S.A. Federal Aviation Administration, Grant No. 11-G-004. One of the authors (VTK) wishes to thank the Finnish Cultural Foundation for partial funding of his sabbatical leave at OSU. The authors are grateful to Mr. William Emmerling, and Dr. Chip Queitzsch from the FAA for their support and involvement.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Seidt, J., Kuokkala, VT., Smith, J. et al. Synchronous Full-Field Strain and Temperature Measurement in Tensile Tests at Low, Intermediate and High Strain Rates. Exp Mech 57, 219–229 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-016-0237-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-016-0237-z