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Wine and grape marc spirits metabolomics

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Abstract

Introduction

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses play a key role in the field of metabolomics due to their important advantages. The use of metabolomics in wine and grape marc spirits allows a more holistic perspective in monitoring and gaining information on the making processes and thus it can assist on the improvement of their quality.

Objectives

This review surveys the latest metabolomics approaches for wine and grape marc spirits with a focus on the description of MS-based and NMR spectroscopic analytical techniques.

Methods

We reviewed the literature to identify metabolomic studies of wine and grape marc spirits that were published until the end of 2017, with the key term combinations of ‘metabolomics’, ‘wine’ and ‘grape marc spirits’. Through the reference lists from these studies, additional articles were identified.

Results

The results of this review showed that the application of different metabolomics approaches has significantly increased the knowledge of wine metabolome and grape marc spirits; however there is not yet a single analytical platform that can completely separate, detect and identify all metabolites in one analysis.

Conclusions

The authentication and quality control of wines and grape marc spirits has to be taken with caution, since the product’s chemical composition could be affected by many factors. Despite intrinsic limitations, NMR spectroscopy and MS based strategies remain the key analytical methods in metabolomics studies. Authenticity, traceability and health issues related to their consumption are the major research initiatives in wine and grape marc spirits metabolomics analysis.

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Fig. 1

(Reproduced with permission from Fotakis et al. 2013)

Fig. 2

(Reproduced with permission from Malec et al. 2017)

Fig. 3

(Reproduced with permission from Arbulu et al. 2013)

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Abbreviations

OIV:

Organization of Vine and Wine

MS:

Mass spectrometry

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

QC:

Quality control

LC:

Liquid chromatography

GC:

Gas chromatography

CE:

Capillary electrophoresis

FT:

Fourier transformation

ICR:

Ion cyclotron resonance

MS/MS:

Tandem mass spectrometry

PCA:

Principal component analysis

PLS:

Partial least squares

DA:

Discriminant analysis

LC:

Liquid chromatography

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

APCI:

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

TQ:

Triple quadrupole

QTOF:

Quadrupole time of flight

SRM:

Selected reaction monitoring

MRM:

Multiple reaction monitoring

HILIC:

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography

RPLC:

Reversed phase liquid chromatography

UHPLC:

Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography

SPME:

Solid phase microextraction

HS:

Headspace

LLE:

Liquid liquid extraction

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

SBSE:

Stir-bar sorptive extraction

SIM:

Selected ion monitoring

IDYs:

Active dry yeasts

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Prof. S. Kalogiannis for careful reading of the manuscript and useful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Dimitra Diamantidou, Anastasia Zotou & Georgios Theodoridis

Authors
  1. Dimitra Diamantidou
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  2. Anastasia Zotou
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  3. Georgios Theodoridis
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Contributions

DD wrote the manuscript. GT and AZ contributed with the literature search and the structure of the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Georgios Theodoridis.

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Dimitra Diamantidou, Anastasia Zotou and Georgios Theodoridis declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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This article does not contain any studies with human or animal participants performed by any of the authors.

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Diamantidou, D., Zotou, A. & Theodoridis, G. Wine and grape marc spirits metabolomics. Metabolomics 14, 159 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-018-1458-1

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