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Phylogeographic structure of Spondias tuberosa Arruda Câmara (Anacardiaceae): seasonally dry tropical forest as a large and continuous refuge

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Abstract

Spondias tuberosa occurs in the Caatinga domain (seasonally dry tropical forest biome) of north-eastern Brazil, a large biome with ecogeographic regions that may have modelled the population structure of the species. Here we studied the phylogeographic pattern of S. tuberosa using sequences of the accD-psaI plastid region and six SSR markers in individuals distributed across 20 localities. The results for accD-psaI demonstrated nine haplotypes: some of which were exclusive to Caatinga ecoregions, whereas others were found in all localities. Spatial analysis of molecular variance revealed two groups (Fct = 0.34, P < 0.0039) with 33.91% variation between them. The SSR analyses displayed 2–5 alleles at each locus, some of which were unique to certain localities. As in the accD-psaI region, the population structure obtained using SSR markers fell into two groups: (1) a large group containing the majority of the geographic region of Caatinga and (2) a small group near the Atlantic forest. We demonstrate the population structure of S. tuberosa, identifying the Caatinga as large, continuous refuge and the region near the interface between the Caatinga and the Atlantic forest as second refuge.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Federal University of Alagoas for the laboratory and scientific support.

Funding

The authors thank the Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa de Alagoas (FAPEAL) for funding this Project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Genetics Resources, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Avenida Manoel Severino Barbosa s/n, Rodovia AL 115, km 6,5. Bairro Bom Sucesso, Arapiraca, AL, Brazil

    Eliane Balbino, Beatriz Caetano & Cicero Almeida

Authors
  1. Eliane Balbino
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  2. Beatriz Caetano
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  3. Cicero Almeida
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Contributions

E.B. and B.C. collected tissue and molecular data. C.A. analysed the data and led the writing. All authors conceived the ideas and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cicero Almeida.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Communicated by A. Brunner

Data archiving statement

Haplotype sequence data for intergenic region have been submitted to GenBank: accession numbers MH370296-MH370344

Electronic supplementary material

Fig. S1

(A) position sites for SNPs and indels for the accD-psaI intergenic spacer. (B) Phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian analysis, with support inferred by posterior probability (here, represented in percentage). (PNG 175 kb)

High Resolution (TIF 15955 kb)

Fig. S2

(A) Minimum-spanning network depicting the distribution of Spondias tuberosa multilocus microsatellites. (B) Principal component analysis (PCA) revealing a two-dimensional distribution of Spondias tuberosa genotypes. (PNG 2549 kb)

High Resolution (TIF 6395 kb)

Fig. S3

The observed (red) and expected (blue) pairwise mismatch distribution of accD-psaI haplotypes evidencing past population expansion. (PNG 51 kb)

High Resolution (TIF 14413 kb)

Table S1

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Table S2

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Balbino, E., Caetano, B. & Almeida, C. Phylogeographic structure of Spondias tuberosa Arruda Câmara (Anacardiaceae): seasonally dry tropical forest as a large and continuous refuge. Tree Genetics & Genomes 14, 67 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-018-1279-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-018-1279-4

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