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Revelation of bioremediation approaches for hexachlorocyclohexane degradation in soil

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Abstract

This review elucidates different bioremediation approaches used for degradation of HCH from contaminated sites. It highlights the significance of degradative pathways, microbial diversity and impact of different environmental factors for developing viable bioremediation strategies. The application of innovative biotechnological approaches and a thorough understanding of HCH biodegradation pathways show great promise for the creation of long-term solutions to HCH pollution and the restoration of polluted soil ecosystems. Bioremediation technologies viz. biostimulation, bioaugmentation, phytoremediation have been considered till date for treating HCH-contaminated sites. Different bacterial and fungal strains have been reported for degradation of HCH residues. However, these methods are limited to γ-HCH degradation, at laboratory scale and achieving lower success rate for large scale demonstration trials. This review presents a theoretical background for degradation of different HCH isomers in soil through plants, microbes and through their cooperative interactions. This work briefly overviews the substantial contamination of the environment by HCH residues, along with spontaneous evolution of degradation pathways through various HCH degrading microbes. Bioremediation mechanism and pathways of HCH degradation through plants and microbes have been discussed thoroughly. Through molecular and genetic investigations, the complex metabolic pathways used by these microbes, including reductive dechlorination, hydrolysis, and ring cleavage, has been clarified. This study seeks to give a thorough summary of recent discoveries and developments in bioremediation methods for soil HCH degradation. Numerous microbial consortia, including fungi, plants, and bacteria have been recognised as important participants in the transformation of HCH.

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Fig. 1
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(Source: van Doesburg et al. 2005)

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(Source: Lal et al. 2010)

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(Source: Zhang et al. 2020)

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Data Availability

The data supporting the findings of this review are available in the references cited within this article.

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Acknowledgements

The work was partly supported by GAP-3429 and institutional project of CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute. AR is thankful to Indian Council of Medical Research for awarding fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany (Environmental Science), University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

    Aditi Roy & Poornima Vajpayee

  2. Plant Ecology and Environment Technologies, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India

    Aditi Roy, Suchi Srivastava & Pankaj Kumar Srivastava

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  1. Aditi Roy
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  2. Poornima Vajpayee
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Contributions

Aditi Roy: Conceptualization, Writing- original draft, Writing - review &editing. Poornima Vajpayee: Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision. Suchi Srivastava: Conceptualization, Writing- original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision. Pankaj Kumar Srivastava: Resources, Writing - review & editing, Supervision.

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Correspondence to Suchi Srivastava.

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Roy, A., Vajpayee, P., Srivastava, S. et al. Revelation of bioremediation approaches for hexachlorocyclohexane degradation in soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 243 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03692-3

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