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Optimization of Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Media by Photocatalysis and Adsorption Processes Using Coconut Biomass-Based Composite Photocatalysts

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Abstract

Biomass-based composites (BCPs) containing TiO2 were successfully synthesized by one-step sol–gel method and applied to methylene blue (MB) removal from water. The calcination temperature and the appropriate TiO2/biomass ratio played an important role on adsorption and photocatalytic capacity of the composites. The effects of variables, such as composites concentration (50–200 mg L−1), initial pH (5–9), and irradiation intensity (10–40 W m−2), were investigated applying response surface methodology for process optimization. The BCP400-50:50 (meaning composite formed by 50%:50% Ti: coconut biomass) exhibited the best removal performance (94%), surpassing the commercial TiO2-P25 (53%). Differently from other studies that focused specifically on photocatalysis performance, the present study investigated the adsorption mechanisms for MB removal by BCP. The adsorption data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm (maximum capacity of 294.12 mg g−1) and pseudo-second-order kinetic models indicating chemisorption as the rate-limiting mechanism of the process. Coconut shell biomass showed great potential for the application in BCP composites. Since BCPs had high MB adsorption capacity, it provides an attractive complementary water treatment option due to the low cost and abundant availability of such agro-industrial waste.

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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support of the Department of Chemical Processes-IQ – Laboratory of Instrumental Characterization I – UERJ with the BET and FTIR analyses.

Funding

This research was supported by the Foundation Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro-FAPERJ (E-26/201.099/2022; E-26/210.072/2020; E-26/200.663/2019); the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq (Proc. 310.955/2022–0); and the Brazilian Innovation Agency-FINEP (Conv. 01.22.0198.00 Ref. 0098/21).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-900, Brazil

    Marina Meloni Gória Pastre, Deivisson Lopes Cunha & Marcia Marques

  2. Materials Metrology Division, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ, 25250-020, Brazil

    Alexei Kuznetsov & Braulio S. Archanjo

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  1. Marina Meloni Gória Pastre
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  2. Deivisson Lopes Cunha
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Contributions

Marina Pastre: conceptualization, investigation, figure formulation, formal analysis, writing—original draft. Deivisson Cunha: conceptualization, investigation, writing—review and editing. Marcia Marques: conceptualization, supervision, writing—review and editing. Alexei Kuznetsov and Braulio S. Archanjo carried out the X-ray diffraction and the SEM analyses. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Marina Meloni Gória Pastre.

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Pastre, M.M.G., Cunha, D.L., Kuznetsov, A. et al. Optimization of Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Media by Photocatalysis and Adsorption Processes Using Coconut Biomass-Based Composite Photocatalysts. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 207 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-06976-y

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