Abstract
This investigation applied a systematic review approach on publications covering primary data during 2012–2022 with a focus on photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in aqueous solution by composite materials synthesized with biomass and, at least, TiO2 and/or ZnO semiconductors to form biomass-based composite photocatalysts (BCPs). After applying a set of eligibility criteria, 107 studies including 832 observations/entries were analyzed. The average removal efficiency and degradation kinetic rate reported for all model pollutants and BCPs were 77.5 ± 21.5% and 0.064 ± 0.174 min−1, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to analyze BCPs synthesis methods, experimental conditions, and BCPs’ characteristics correlated with the removal efficiency and photodegradation kinetics. The relevance of adsorption processes on the pollutants’ removal efficiency was highlighted by PCA applied to all categories of pollutants (PCA_pol). The PCA applied to textile dyes (PCA_dyes) and pharmaceutical compounds (PCA_pharma) also indicate the influence of variables related to the composite synthesis (i.e., thermal treatment and time spent on BCPs synthesis) and photocatalytic experimental parameters (catalyst concentration, pollutant concentration, and irradiation time) on the degradation kinetic accomplished by BCPs. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis (PCA_pol) revealed that the specific surface area and the narrow band gap are key characteristics for BCPs to serve as a competitive photocatalyst. The effect of scavengers on pollutants’ degradation and the recyclability of BCPs are also discussed, as necessary aspects for scalability trends. Further investigations are recommended to compare the performance of BCPs and commercial catalysts, as well as to assess the costs to treat real wastewater.
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Information was obtained by searching literature and article from peer-reviewed journals using the scientific databases Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and other major publishers.
Abbreviations
- ADS:
-
BCPs pollutant adsorption efficiency
- Bandgap:
-
Bandgap of catalysts
- Bclass:
-
Biomass feedstock classification
- BCPs:
-
Biomass-based composite photocatalysts
- BCP_conc:
-
BCP catalyst concentration
- BCP_M:
-
BCP synthesis method
- BCP_S:
-
BCP synthesis
- BCP_temp:
-
BCP synthesis calcination temperature
- BCP_time:
-
BCP synthesis calcination time
- BET:
-
BCP specific surface area
- KMO:
-
Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin criteria
- Kphdeg:
-
Degradation kinetic rate of all pollutants in min−1
- Light:
-
Experimental parameter light source
- PCA:
-
Principal component analysis
- PCA_pol:
-
Principal component analysis of all pollutants
- PCA_dyes:
-
Principal component analysis of textile dyes
- PCA_pharma:
-
Principal component analysis of pharmaceutical compounds
- POL_class:
-
Model pollutant classification
- POL_conc:
-
Pollutant concentration
- POL_Mw:
-
Pollutant molecular weight
- RE:
-
Synergistic adsorption and photodegradation/reduction of pollutants by BCPS
- R_time:
-
Reaction time
- Sem:
-
Semiconductor
- SUN:
-
Solar irradiation
- SUN-S:
-
Simulated solar irradiation
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet light irradiation
- VIS:
-
Visible light irradiation
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the work carried out in all studies included in this systematic review.
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This research was supported by the Foundation Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro-FAPERJ (E-26/200.663/2019; E-26/202.261/2018; E-26/202.262/2018; E-26/202.894/2018) and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development-CNPq (Proc. 435.883/2018–6).
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Marina Pastre: conceptualization, investigation, table formulation, formal analysis, writing – original draft. Deivisson Cunha: conceptualization, investigation, writing—review & editing. Marcia Marques: conceptualization, supervision, writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Pastre, M.M.G., Cunha, D.L. & Marques, M. Design of biomass-based composite photocatalysts for wastewater treatment: a review over the past decade and future prospects. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 9103–9126 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24089-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24089-z