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Surface Water Quality: A Statistical Perspective on the Efficacy of Environmental and Human Health Assessment Tools

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Abstract

This study employs multivariate analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of common indices in assessing surface water quality. The research involves collecting and analyzing 60 samples from the Bomadi and Gbotebo rivers and their associated tributaries. The samples are subjected to comprehensive testing to determine their hydrogeochemical composition, suitability for irrigation, and pollution levels. The study finds that most parameters conform to the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON), although occasional instances of elevated cadmium and iron levels are observed. The evaluation of various indices offers insights into the overall quality of the water and its suitability for different uses. The values of the potential salinity (PSi), sodium absorption ratio (SARi), and residual sodium carbonate (RSCi) indices indicate excellent water quality and health conditions. However, other indices like sodium soluble percentage (SSPi), magnesium hazard ratio (MHRi), Kelly ratio (KRi), and percentage sodium (%Na) suggest only marginal suitability for irrigation. Pollution levels, gauged by the pollution index of the surface water (PISw) index, remain consistently low. Assessing health risks stemming from trace elements (TEs) in the water reveals minimal carcinogenic threats through oral route exposure. Correlation analysis establishes a meaningful connection between water evolution indices and the broader water quality and health risks, although this correspondence is not mirrored among ratio indices—except for K/Cl. Within the spectrum of 22 indices, the study identifies four that notably contribute to water classification. Utilizing principal component analysis (PCA), the research successfully highlights the primary sources of variability among the indices, accounting for an impressive 92.392% of the total variance. In conclusion, this study showed the effectiveness of commonly employed indices in evaluating surface water quality.

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Data Availability

Data sets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This paper constitutes a segment of the Ph.D. dissertation by the lead author, guided by Authors 2 through 5 at the Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria.

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The study was part of the PhD dissertation of the SCI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

    Sylvester Chibueze Izah

  2. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Niger, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

    Sylvester Chibueze Izah, Herbert Okechukwu Stanley, Glory Richard & Wisdom Ebiye Sawyer

  3. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria

    Herbert Okechukwu Stanley

  4. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria

    Onyebuchi Remy Uwaeme

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  1. Sylvester Chibueze Izah
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  3. Glory Richard
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  5. Onyebuchi Remy Uwaeme
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Contributions

SCI conceived the idea; participated in the field data/sample collection, laboratory, and statistical analyses; managed the literature search; and wrote the initial draft. GR participated in the field data/sample collection. Authors HOS, GR, WES, and ORU edited the final work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sylvester Chibueze Izah.

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Izah, S.C., Stanley, H.O., Richard, G. et al. Surface Water Quality: A Statistical Perspective on the Efficacy of Environmental and Human Health Assessment Tools. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 205 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-024-06965-1

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