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Eco-friendly Degradation of Tannery Sludge with Coir Pith and Nava Rasa Karaisal

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Abstract

The disposal of tannery sludge (TNS) without treatment causes severe toxic metal contamination in the ecosystem and food chain. Hence, eco-friendly solid waste management is essentially needed for the tanneries. The aim of this study was to degrade the raw TNS into composted sludge using coir pith (CP) as an adsorbent for organic compounds and other pollutants and Nava Rasa Karaisal (NRK) as a consortium of microorganisms. The TNS treated with CP and NRK showed decolorization and a reduction in pH. After the treatment, the electrical conductivity decreased from 24.7 to 6.31 μS/cm; total dissolved solids (28.4 ppm), salinity (21.2 ppm) and dissolved oxygen (7.5 mg/L) in the untreated TNS were reduced to 10.9 ppm, 4.9 ppm, and 4.6 mg/L in the TNS+CP+NRK treatment, respectively. SEM analysis showed small, smooth-walled structures on the surface of composted TNS compared to rough textures on the untreated TNS. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis showed a higher number of elements in NRK (16) than in untreated sludge (8). Four different bacteria and six fungi were dominant in the treated tannery waste. The effect of different dilutions (12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of treated TNS on seed germination of Vigna radiata L. was carried out to check the feasibility of using the treated TNS for plant irrigation and growth. The results showed maximum growth at lower concentrations (12.5% and 25%). The results indicated that TNS treatment using CP and NRK is a potential eco-friendly approach to remediating the sludge waste.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

TNS:

Tannery sludge

CP:

Coir pith

NRK :

Nava Rasa Karaisal

EC:

Electrical conductivity

DO :

Dissolved oxygen

TDS :

Total dissolved solids

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

EDS:

Energy-dispersive spectroscopy

h :

Hours

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA 2.0), MHRD, New Delhi, and Central Coir Research Institute (Coir Board), Kalavoor, Alleppey, Kerala, India for financial assistance during the period of study.

Funding

The work was funded by Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA 2.0), MHRD, New Delhi, and Central Coir Research Institute (Coir Board), Kalavoor, Alleppey, Kerala, India for financial assistance during the period of study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India

    Jenifer Ganesan, Geetha Dhandabani & Malliga Perumal

  2. Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala, 680651, India

    Geetha Nandhabalan

  3. Central Coir Research Institute, (Coir Board), Kalavoor P.O, Alleppey, Kerala, 688522, India

    Radhakrishnan Sivaramapillai

  4. Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman

    Nallusamy Sivakumar

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  1. Jenifer Ganesan
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Contributions

PM designed the research and acquired the funding. GJ and DG participated in the sample collection and conducted the experiments. GJ analyzed the data and wrote the experiment. PM, NG, and NS reviewed and edited the manuscript. SR contributed the funding. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Nallusamy Sivakumar or Malliga Perumal.

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Ganesan, J., Nandhabalan, G., Dhandabani, G. et al. Eco-friendly Degradation of Tannery Sludge with Coir Pith and Nava Rasa Karaisal. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 717 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06738-2

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