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Comparative Assessment of Remediation Potential of Xanthium strumarium Ecotypes in NaCl-Affected Root Zone

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Abstract

In the present study, three ecotypes of Xanthium strumarium L. were collected from different ecological regions, i.e., Uchalli (E1), Sargodha (E2), and Samundri (E3) in Punjab province, Pakistan. All ecotypes were assessed for their salt resistance and remediation capacity at different NaCl levels (T1 (control), T2 (50 mM), T3 (100 mM), and T4 (150 mM)). Xanthium responses to varied NaCl levels were investigated for growth, anatomical, and physio-biochemical attributes. A comparative account of different attributes revealed a performance difference between three ecotypes. Biomass of all ecotypes was reduced, but the minimum reduction in biomass was noticed in E1 as compared to other ecotypes. Comparison of control and NaCl-treated Xanthium plants indicated highest reduction (96.3%) for both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b observed under T4 in E3 as compared to E1 and E2. Maximum increase in carotenoids was observed in E2 (82.2%) under T4. Shoot Na+ correspondingly increased in all ecotypes with NaCl levels and maximum Na+ in E3. Minimum absorption of Cl− ion was observed in E1. Osmoprotectants in three ecotypes were much higher under elevated NaCl levels than that of control plants. A significant increase in total soluble sugars was recorded in E1 (76.82%) and E2 (45.35%) as compared to E3. Additionally, significant anatomical changes in stem, leaf, and root of X. strumarium L. were observed in all three ecotypes grown under NaCl conditions. E1 ecotype showed large vascular bundle cell area (119.23%), (110.95%), (56.34%), epidermal thickness (152.21%), (187.40%), (117.28%) of leaf, root, and stem, respectively, as compared to E2 and E3 ecotypes. Similarly, E1 ecotypes showed the highest percentage increase in root sclerenchyma cell area (93.46%), stem epidermal cell area (246.66%), stem cortical cell area (114.23%), and stem sclerenchyma cell area (92.5%) as compared to E2 and E3 ecotypes. These findings endorse differential capabilities of different ecotypes of the same plant with reference to the changes in studied attributes. Overall, results indicate that X. strumarium L. withstood high NaCl stress (150 mM) and can be an eco-friendly source for the phytoremediation of saline soils. It could serve as a foundation for future research on the plant adaptability. We recommend use of this plant for restoring saline-degraded and marginal soils.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are highly thankful to the Government College for Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, for providing experimental station and lab facilities.

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  1. Noreen Akhter and Muhammad Aqeel contributed equally to this publication work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Noreen Akhter

  2. State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People’s Republic of China

    Muhammad Aqeel

  3. Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

    Muhammad Faisal Maqsood

  4. Department of Botany, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan

    Saher Nawaz

  5. Department of Botany, Govt. Post-Graduate College of Science, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Muslim Shahnaz

  6. Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan

    Noreen Khalid

  7. Shaqra University, College of Science and Arts Sajir, P.O. Box 33, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammed A. Basahi

  8. Biology Department, Faculty of Science Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu Al-Bahr, 46423, Saudi Arabia

    Omar Mahmoud Al-Zoubi & Talaat Habeeb

  9. Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Food Engineering Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania

    Romina Alina Marc

  10. Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Kashif Irshad

  11. Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Ali Noman

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Contributions

NA, AN: Conceived the idea and designed the experiment. NA, MA, MFI, SN, and AN: Wrote first draft. MA, MKI, and AN: Writing, review, editing. NA, MMS: Performed experiment, investigation. NA, MA: Statistical analysis. MA, RAM, OMA, TH, and AN: Critical revision of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ali Noman.

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Akhter, N., Aqeel, M., Maqsood, M.F. et al. Comparative Assessment of Remediation Potential of Xanthium strumarium Ecotypes in NaCl-Affected Root Zone. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 509 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05990-2

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