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Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risk Assessment in the Vicinity of Solid Waste Dumping Sites of Quaternary Shallow Water Aquifers of Ganga Basin

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Abstract

Solid waste dumping sites (SWDS) are locations utilized for disposing of both biodegradable and nonbiodegradable waste; however, these sites either directly or indirectly impact the water quality through leaching. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of solid waste disposal on the groundwater of quaternary shallow water aquifers in the Ganga Basin in Haridwar, India. 32 water samples were collected from 16 sites by using the grab sampling method in the vicinity of the four mentioned municipal solid waste disposal sites during the pre and post-monsoon seasons. For a better interpretation of the results, statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, variance coefficient (VC), and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied while the groundwater quality index (GWQI) and potential health risk assessment (PHRA) were calculated for quality assurance in the study area. Additionally, the saturation index, Durov plot, and piper trilinear diagram analysis were used for identifying the hydrogeochemical mechanism. The GWQI revealed that 75% of samples had good quality while the rest (25%) were found of poor quality confirming that the groundwater of the adjacent area of these disposal sites was mainly affected due to the leaching effect. Besides this, PHRA showed that most of the groundwater samples were significantly affected by the parameters in the order such as NO3− > Fe > F− > Zn > Ni. PHRA results revealed that infants are shown to have no to low health risk from consumption of these minerals, while children and adults are prone to have low risk to moderate risk. It has been determined that among 17 selected parameters, five parameters, i.e., the five types of pollutants, NO3−, Fe, F−, Zn, and Ni, are the most prevalent. These pollutants may have been introduced by landfill sites and human activity, i.e., agricultural activities and sewage treatment plants in the adjacent area of SWDS. Necessary mitigation measures were taken to prevent the degradation of groundwater quality in the nearby area of SWDS.

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Data Availability

All the data used for the present study appear in the article. The raw data may be provided upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

APHA :

American Public Health Association

BIS :

Bureau of Indian Standards

Ca 2+ :

Calcium

Cl − :

Chloride

EC :

Electrical conductivity

F :

Fluoride

Fe :

Iron

GWQI :

Groundwater quality index

HCO 3 − :

Bicarbonates

HI :

Hazard index

HQ :

Hazard quotient

K + :

Potassium

Mg 2+ :

Magnesium

Mt :

Metric tons

Na + :

Sodium

Ni :

Nickel

NO3 − :

Nitrate

PCA :

Principal component analysis

SI :

Saturation index

SiO 2 :

Silicate

SO 4 2− :

Sulphate

SWDS :

Solid waste dumping sites

TDS :

Total dissolved solids

TH :

Total hardness

VC :

Variance of coefficient

WHO :

World Health Organization

Zn :

Zinc

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank all the authors for their contribution in the analysis and preparation of the manuscript and the Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, for providing the laboratory facilities.

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  1. Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

    Aditi Bisht & Nitin Kamboj

  2. Department of Environmental Science, BFIT Group of Institute, Suddhowala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

    Vishal Kamboj

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Aditi Bisht (AB) was involved in the study design, data collection, manuscript preparation, and statistical analysis. Nitin Kamboj (NK) contributed to the supervision and writing review and editing. Vishal Kamboj (VK) contributed to the data collection, manuscript preparation and statistical analysis, manuscript writing, and investigation and reviewing.

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Bisht, A., Kamboj, N. & Kamboj, V. Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risk Assessment in the Vicinity of Solid Waste Dumping Sites of Quaternary Shallow Water Aquifers of Ganga Basin. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 485 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05954-6

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