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Fog Water, Throughfall, and Bulk Precipitation Chemistry and a Newly Developed Methodology for the Estimation of Fog Water Deposition

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Abstract

Fog water, throughfall, and bulk precipitation were collected at the site neighboring to coastal and urbanized area in Japan. Fog water was collected by using string type passive fog collector. Fog water was strongly influenced by the sea salt components presumably due to drizzle. Furthermore, fog water would be acidified by acid-related nitrate species like HNO3 gas in ambient air; however, fog water was neutralized well as shown below. Throughfall selectively included non-sea salt chloride (nss-Cl−) among the three media: fog water, throughfall, and bulk precipitation, likely due to a dry deposition of nss-Cl− species on canopy. The pH values for fog water, throughfall, and bulk precipitation, were 5.28, 5.97, and 5.73, respectively. Those were typically higher compared with other previous observations, meaning that all media were neutralized well. In particular, fog water was dominantly neutralized by nss-Mg2+ and nss-Ca2+. The supply of nitrogen (NO3−-N + NH4+-N) via throughfall showed the seasonality, higher in winter and summer. We considered a new and simple methodology to evaluate/estimate the deposition amount of fog water. We applied our new methodology to our present observation and obtained a good agreement with the result heretofore used.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP19H00955. The collection of samples was carried out under the supports by City of Kitakyushu and Sarakurayama visitor center. We sincerely appreciate the cooperation for the sample collection.

Funding

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP19H00955.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-Ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan

    Momoko Abe, Sho Oniwa & Masahide Aikawa

  2. NS Environment Corporation, 2-2-9 Toyonari, Minami-Ku, Okayama, 700-0942, Japan

    Momoko Abe

  3. Japan Weather Association, 3-1-1 Higashi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 170-6055, Japan

    Sho Oniwa

  4. Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan

    Hiroshi Okochi

Authors
  1. Momoko Abe
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  2. Sho Oniwa
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  4. Masahide Aikawa
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Contributions

Momoko Abe: setup of survey site, sample collection, chemical analysis, statistical analysis, visualization, writing of draft manuscript.

Sho Oniwa: setup of the survey site, sample collection.

Hiroshi Okochi: design of the study, funding, reviewing of the final manuscript.

Masahide Aikawa: design, conceptualization, organization, creation and supervision of the study, writing of the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masahide Aikawa.

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Abe, M., Oniwa, S., Okochi, H. et al. Fog Water, Throughfall, and Bulk Precipitation Chemistry and a Newly Developed Methodology for the Estimation of Fog Water Deposition. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 474 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05939-5

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