Abstract
In this study, the potential application of raw orange peels (ROP) and treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) (TOP) was studied to remove Zn2+ from aqueous solution by varying parameters time, adsorbent dose, pH, particle size, and temperature. The adsorbents were characterized FTIR, SEM, XRD, and point of zero charge. Equilibrium time and optimum adsorbent dosage were found to be 120 min and 2.6 g/L solutions. Adsorption was highly pH-dependent and maximum removal occurred at a pH of 8. Adsorption percentage decreased with an increase in particle size. The pseudo-second-order model best fitted the kinetics adsorption study and boundary film diffusion is the rate-determining step (RDS) for ROP and both boundary and film diffusion is RDS for TOP adsorption. Isotherm study predicted a maximum adsorption capacity of 119.05 and 29.5 mg/g for ROP and TOP from the Langmuir plot, respectively, and the adsorption process was physisorption in nature. Thermodynamic parameters ΔG and ΔH indicated that adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Desorption studies showed that adsorption is by weak electrostatic attraction.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The dataset generated during and/or analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Afroze, S., Sen, T. K., & Ang, H. M. (2016). Adsorption removal of zinc (II) from aqueous phase by raw and base modified Eucalyptus sheathiana bark: Kinetics, mechanism and equilibrium study. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 102, 336–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.04.009
Agrawal, A., Sahu, K. K., & Pandey, B. D. (2004). Removal of zinc from aqueous solutions using sea nodule residue. Colloids and Surfaces a: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 237(1–3), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.01.034
Aharoni, C., Sideman, S., & Hoffer, E. (1979). Adsorption of phosphate ions by collodion‐568 coated alumina. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 29(7), 404–412. 569 https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.503290703.
Ajmal, M., Rao, R. A. K., Ahmad, R., & Ahmad, J. (2000). Adsorption studies on Citrus reticulata (fruit peel of orange): Removal and recovery of Ni (II) from electroplating wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 79(1–2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00234-X
Alyüz, B., & Veli, S. (2009). Kinetics and equilibrium studies for the removal of nickel and zinc from aqueous solutions by ion exchange resins. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1–3), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.006
Antunes, M., Esteves, V. I., Guégan, R., Crespo, J. S., Fernandes, A. N., & Giovanela, M. (2012). Removal of diclofenac sodium from aqueous solution by Isabel grape bagasse. Chemical Engineering Journal, 192, 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.03.062
Argun, M. E., Dursun, S., Ozdemir, C., & Karatas, M. (2007). Heavy metal adsorption by modified oak sawdust: Thermodynamics and kinetics. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 141(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.095
Babarinde, N. A., Babalola, J. O., & Adetunji, A. A. (2008). Isotherm and thermodynamic studies of the biosorption of zinc (II) from solution by maize leaf. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 9(1), 196–202.
Balarak, D., Mansouri, A. H., & Chandrika, K. (2019). Adsorption characteristics of 602 metronidazole from industrial wastewater onto polyaniline nanocomposite. International Journal of Life Sciences 603 pharmaceutical research, 9(4), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2019.9.4.L49-58.
Basu, M., Guha, A. K., & Ray, L. (2017). Adsorption of lead on cucumber peel. Journal of Cleaner Production, 151, 603–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.028
Bhattacharya, A. K., Mandal, S. N., & Das, S. K. (2006). Adsorption of Zn (II) from aqueous solution by using different adsorbents. Chemical Engineering Journal, 123(1–2), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2006.06.012
Borbély, G., & Nagy, E. (2009). Removal of zinc and nickel ions by complexation–membrane filtration process from industrial wastewater. Desalination, 240(1–3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.073
Božić, D., Stanković, V., Gorgievski, M., Bogdanović, G., & Kovačević, R. (2009). Adsorption of heavy metal ions by sawdust of deciduous trees. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 171(1–3), 684–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.055
Carolin, C. F., Kumar, P. S., Saravanan, A., Joshiba, G. J., & Naushad, M. (2017). Efficient techniques for the removal of toxic heavy metals from aquatic environment: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5(3), 2782–2799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.05.029
Carrott, P. J. M., Carrott, M. R., Nabais, J. M. V., & Ramalho, J. P. (1997). Influence of surface ionization on the adsorption of aqueous zinc species by activated carbons. Carbon, 35(3), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(97)89611-X
Chen, W., Yu, H., Liu, Y., Chen, P., Zhang, M., & Hai, Y. (2011). Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments. Carbohydrate Polymers, 83(4), 1804–1811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.040
Chen, Q., Yao, Y., Li, X., Lu, J., Zhou, J., & Huang, Z. (2018). Comparison of heavy metal removals from aqueous solutions by chemical precipitation and characteristics of precipitates. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 26, 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.11.003
Cheung, W. H., Szeto, Y. S., & McKay, G. (2007). Intraparticle diffusion processes during 623 acid dye adsorption onto chitosan. Bioresource Technology, 98(15), 2897–2904. 624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.045.
Chien, S. H., & Clayton, W. R. (1980). Application of Elovich equation to the kinetics of phosphate release and sorption in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44(2), 265–615 268. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400020013x.
Davila-Jimenez, M. M., Elizalde-González, M. P., Geyer, W., Mattusch, J., & Wennrich, R. (2003). Adsorption of metal cations from aqueous solution onto a natural and a model biocomposite. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 219(1–3), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(03)00052-9
Dhouibi, N., Binous, H., Dhaouadi, H., & Dridi-Dhaouadi, S. (2020). Hydrodistillation residues of Centaurea nicaeensis plant for copper and zinc ions removal: Novel concept for waste re-use. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261, 121106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121106
Fabryanty, R., Valencia, C., Soetaredjo, F. E., Putro, J. N., Santoso, S. P., Kurniawan, A., Ju, Y. H., & Ismadji, S. (2017). Removal of crystal violet dye by adsorption using bentonite–alginate composite. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5(6), 5677–5687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.10.057
Feng, N., Guo, X., Liang, S., Zhu, Y., & Liu, J. (2011). Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by chemically modified orange peel. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185(1), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.114
Freundlich, H. (1907). Über die adsorption in lösungen. Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, 57(1), 385–470. https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-1907-5723
Gandhimathi, R., Ramesh, S. T., Arun, V. M., & Nidheesh, P. V. (2013). Biosorption of Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions from aqueous solution by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 11(4), 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEWM.2013.054243
Ghosh, P., Samanta, A. N., & Ray, S. (2011). Reduction of COD and removal of Zn2+ from rayon industry wastewater by combined electro-Fenton treatment and chemical precipitation. Desalination, 266(1–3), 213–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.08.029
Gómez-Tamayo, M. D. M., Macias-Garcia, A., Díez, M. A. D., & Cuerda-Correa, E. M. (2008). Adsorption of Zn (II) in aqueous solution by activated carbons prepared from evergreen oak (Quercus rotundifolia L.). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153(1–2), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.08.012
Guediri, A., Bouguettoucha, A., Chebli, D., Chafai, N., & Amrane, A. (2020). Molecular dynamic simulation and DFT computational studies on the adsorption performances of methylene blue in aqueous solutions by orange peel-modified phosphoric acid. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1202, 127290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127290
Guiza, S. (2017). Biosorption of heavy metal from aqueous solution using cellulosic waste orange peel. Ecological Engineering, 99, 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.11.043
Gupta, V. K., & Nayak, A. (2012). Cadmium removal and recovery from aqueous solutions by novel adsorbents prepared from orange peel and Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Chemical Engineering Journal, 180, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.006
Hanif, M. A., Nadeem, R., Bhatti, H. N., Ahmad, N. R., & Ansari, T. M. (2007). Ni (II) biosorption by Cassia fistula (Golden Shower) biomass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 139(2), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.040
Hawari, A., Rawajfih, Z., & Nsour, N. (2009). Equilibrium and thermodynamic analysis of zinc ions adsorption by olive oil mill solid residues. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168(2–3), 1284–1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.014
Ho, Y. S., & McKay, G. (1999). Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process 664 biochemistry, 34(5), 451–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(98)00112-5.
Hussin, F., Abnisa, F., Issabayeva, G., & Aroua, M. K. (2017). Removal of lead by solar-photovoltaic electrocoagulation using novel perforated zinc electrode. Journal of Cleaner Production, 147, 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.096
Iqbal, M., Saeed, A., & Akhtar, N. (2002). Petiolar felt-sheath of palm: A new biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water. Bioresource Technology, 81(2), 151–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00126-2
Jaerger, S., Dos Santos, A., Fernandes, A. N., & Almeida, C. A. P. (2015). Removal of p-nitrophenol from aqueous solution using Brazilian peat: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 226(8), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2500-9
Jakóbik-Kolon, A., Bok-Badura, J., Karoń, K., Mitko, K., & Milewski, A. (2017). Hybrid pectin-based biosorbents for zinc ions removal. Carbohydrate Polymers, 169, 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.095
Kalavathy, M. H., Karthikeyan, T., Rajgopal, S., & Miranda, L. R. (2005). Kinetic and isotherm studies of Cu (II) adsorption onto H3PO4-activated rubber wood sawdust. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 292(2), 354–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.05.087
Kılıç, Z., Atakol, O., Aras, S., Cansaran-Duman, D., & Emregul, E. (2014). Biosorption properties of zinc (II) from aqueous solutions by Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 64(10), 1112–1121. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2014.926299.
Kilislioglu, A., & Bilgin, B. (2003). Thermodynamic and kinetic investigations of uranium 688 adsorption on amberlite IR-118H resin. Applied radiation and isotopes, 58(2), 155–160. 689. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-8043(02)00316-0.
Krishnani, K. K., Meng, X., Christodoulatos, C., & Boddu, V. M. (2008). Biosorption mechanism of nine different heavy metals onto biomatrix from rice husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153(3), 1222–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.113
Kumar, A., Patra, C., Kumar, S., & Narayanasamy, S. (2022). Effect of magnetization on the adsorptive removal of an emerging contaminant ciprofloxacin by magnetic acid activated carbon. Environmental Research, 206, 112604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112604
Langmuir, I. (1916). The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. Part I. 704 Solids. Journal of the American chemical society, 38(11), 2221–2295.
Lasheen, M. R., Ammar, N. S., & Ibrahim, H. S. (2012). Adsorption/desorption of Cd (II), Cu (II) and Pb (II) using chemically modified orange peel: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. Solid State Sciences, 14(2), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2011.11.029
Lataye, D. H., Mishra, I. M., & Mall, I. D. (2011). Removal of 4-picoline from aqueous solution by adsorption onto bagasse fly ash and rice husk ash: Equilibrium, thermodynamic, and desorption study. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 137(11), 1048–1057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000423
Li, X., Tang, Y., Xuan, Z., Liu, Y., & Luo, F. (2007). Study on the preparation of orange peel cellulose adsorbents and biosorption of Cd2+ from aqueous solution. Separation and Purification Technology, 55(1), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2006.10.025
Liang, S., Guo, X., Feng, N., & Tian, Q. (2009). Application of orange peel xanthate for the adsorption of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170(1), 425–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.078
Liang, S., Guo, X., Feng, N., & Tian, Q. (2010). Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies of adsorption of Cu2+ from aqueous solutions by Mg2+/K+ type orange peel adsorbents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174(1–3), 756–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.116
Liu, C., Ngo, H. H., & Guo, W. (2012). Watermelon rind: Agro-waste or superior biosorbent? Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 167(6), 1699–1715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-011-9521-7
Malamis, S., & Katsou, E. (2013). A review on zinc and nickel adsorption on natural and modified zeolite, bentonite and vermiculite: Examination of process parameters, kinetics and isotherms. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 252, 428–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.03.024
Manjunath, S. V., & Kumar, M. (2018). Evaluation of single-component and multi-component adsorption of metronidazole, phosphate and nitrate on activated carbon from Prosopıs julıflora. Chemical Engineering Journal, 346, 525–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.013
Manjunath, S. V., Baghel, R. S., & Kumar, M. (2019). Performance evaluation of cement–carbon composite for adsorptive removal of acidic and basic dyes from single and multi-component systems. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 16, 100478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100478
Mohan, S., & Gandhimathi, R. (2009). Removal of heavy metal ions from municipal solid waste leachate using coal fly ash as an adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 169(1–3), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.104
Ncibi, M. C. (2008). Applicability of some statistical tools to predict optimum adsorption 761 isotherm after linear and non-linear regression analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 762 153(1–2), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.08.038.
Ngabura, M., Hussain, S. A., Ghani, W. A. W., Jami, M. S., & Tan, Y. P. (2018). Utilization of renewable durian peels for biosorption of zinc from wastewater. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(2), 2528–2539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.03.052
Oliveira, W. E., Franca, A. S., Oliveira, L. S., & Rocha, S. D. (2008). Untreated coffee husks as biosorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 152(3), 1073–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.085
Önal, Y., Akmil-Başar, C., & Sarıcı-Özdemir, Ç. (2007). Elucidation of the naproxen sodium adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from waste apricot: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic characterization. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 148(3), 727–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.037
Padilla-Ortega, E., Leyva-Ramos, R., & Mendoza-Barron, J. (2014). Role of electrostatic interactions in the adsorption of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution onto vermiculite. Applied Clay Science, 88, 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2013.12.012
Pal, A., Pan, S., & Saha, S. (2013). Synergistically improved adsorption of anionic surfactant 777 and crystal violet on chitosan hydrogel beads. Chemical Engineering Journal, 217(426–434), 778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.120
Pandiarajan, A., Kamaraj, R., Vasudevan, S., & Vasudevan, S. (2018). OPAC (orange peel activated carbon) derived from waste orange peel for the adsorption of chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides from water: Adsorption isotherm, kinetic modelling and thermodynamic studies. Bioresource Technology, 261, 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.005
Pang, F. M., Kumar, P., Teng, T. T., Omar, A. M., & Wasewar, K. L. (2011). Removal of lead, zinc and iron by coagulation–flocculation. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 42(5), 809–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2011.01.009
Pap, S., Radonić, J., Trifunović, S., Adamović, D., Mihajlović, I., Miloradov, M. V., & Sekulić, M. T. (2016). Evaluation of the adsorption potential of eco-friendly activated carbon prepared from cherry kernels for the removal of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ from aqueous wastes. Journal of Environmental Management, 184, 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.089
Patra, C., Shahnaz, T., Subbiah, S., & Narayanasamy, S. (2020). Comparative assessment of raw and acid-activated preparations of novel Pongamia pinnata shells for adsorption of hexavalent chromium from simulated wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(13), 14836–14851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07979-y
Patra, C., Gupta, R., Bedadeep, D., & Narayanasamy, S. (2020). Surface treated acid-activated carbon for adsorption of anionic azo dyes from single and binary adsorptive systems: A detail insight. Environmental Pollution, 266, 115102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115102
Perez-Marin, A. B., Zapata, V. M., Ortuno, J. F., Aguilar, M., Sáez, J., & Lloréns, M. (2007). Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto orange waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 139(1), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.008
Plum, L. M., Rink, L., & Haase, H. (2010). The essential toxin: Impact of zinc on human health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(4), 1342–1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7041342
Qiu, H., Lv, L., Pan, B. C., Zhang, Q. J., Zhang, W. M., & Zhang, Q. X. (2009). Critical review in adsorption kinetic models. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A, 10(5), 716–724. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A0820524
Rezzadori, K., Benedetti, S., & Amante, E. R. (2012). Proposals for the residues recovery: Orange waste as raw material for new products. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 90(4), 606–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2012.06.002
Riaz, M., Nadeem, R., Hanif, M. A., & Ansari, T. M. (2009). Pb (II) biosorption from hazardous aqueous streams using Gossypium hirsutum (Cotton) waste biomass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.096
Saeed, A., Akhter, M. W., & Iqbal, M. (2005). Removal and recovery of heavy metals from aqueous solution using papaya wood as a new biosorbent. Separation and Purification Technology, 45(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2005.02.004
Saha, P. D., Chakraborty, S., & Chowdhury, S. (2012). Batch and continuous (fixed-bed column) biosorption of crystal violet by Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) leaf powder. Colloids and Surfaces b: Biointerfaces, 92, 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.057
Senthil Kumar, P., Fernando, P. S. A., Ahmed, R. T., Srinath, R., Priyadharshini, M., Vignesh, A. M., & Thanjiappan, A. (2014). Effect of temperature on the adsorption of methylene blue dye onto sulfuric acid–treated orange peel. Chemical Engineering Communications, 201(11), 1526–1547. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2013.819352
Shehzad, K., Xie, C., He, J., Cai, X., Xu, W., & Liu, J. (2018). Facile synthesis of novel calcined magnetic orange peel composites for efficient removal of arsenite through simultaneous oxidation and adsorption. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 511, 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.09.110
Shukla, S. R., & Pai, R. S. (2005). Adsorption of Cu (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) on modified jute fibres. Bioresource Technology, 96(13), 1430–1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.010
Shukla, S. R., & Pai, R. S. (2005). Adsorption of Cu (II), Ni (II) and Zn (II) on dye loaded groundnut shells and sawdust. Separation and Purification Technology, 43(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2004.09.003
Srivastava, V. C., Swamy, M. M., Mall, I. D., Prasad, B., & Mishra, I. M. (2006). Adsorptive removal of phenol by bagasse fly ash and activated carbon: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics. Colloids and Surfaces a: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 272(1–2), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.07.016
Sud, D., Mahajan, G., & Kaur, M. P. (2008). Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions–A review. Bioresource Technology, 99(14), 6017–6027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.064
Tran, H. N., You, S. J., & Chao, H. P. (2016). Thermodynamic parameters of cadmium adsorption onto orange peel calculated from various methods: A comparison study. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(3), 2671–2682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.05.009
Wasewar, K. L., Atif, M., Prasad, B., & Mishra, I. M. (2009). Batch adsorption of zinc on tea factory waste. Desalination, 244(1–3), 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.04.036
Zhong, K., Xu, R. K., Zhao, A. Z., Jiang, J., Tiwari, D., & Li, H. (2010). Adsorption and desorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) in the tropical soils during pedogenesis in the basalt from Hainan. China. Carbonates and Evaporites, 25(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-009-0003-8
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, and the Department of Civil Engineering for their support in conducting the experiments and characterization.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
The material is the author’s own original work which has not been published elsewhere and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. The authors declare that the research work has not been copied from anywhere and the research has been done in a truthful manner.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare to have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Parashar, D., Gandhimathi, R. Zinc Ions adsorption from aqueous solution using raw and acid-modified orange peels: Kinetics, Isotherm, Thermodynamics, and Adsorption mechanism. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 400 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05857-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05857-6