Abstract
Based on the ion chromatography method, the chemical characterization of rainwater (RW) samples collected over Srinagar (a location in central Himalaya) has been done during monsoon 2016 (MON-2016). The rainwater shows near acidic pH values ranging from 5.1 to 6.2 (average, 5.7 ± 0.6) during the study. The average ionic concentrations of 97 ± 10 μeq/1 were reported during MON-2016. Ca2+ has significantly high contribution of 24% as compared to NH4+ (18%), Na+ (9%), K+ (4%), and Mg2+ (3%) among cations, whereas Cl−, SO42−, and NO3− have contribution of ~ 15, 11, and 7%, respectively, among anions during chemical analysis. We have reported SO42−/NO3− ratio as 1.49, which shows contribution of 60 and 40% from SO42− and NO3− ions within the predicted limit of RW (H2SO4, 60–70%, and HNO3, 30–40%). Ca2+, Mg2+, and NH4+ have neutralization factors as 2.51, 0.37, and 2.01, respectively, due to the neutralization of acidic species in RW. The non-sea salt (NSS) contribution to total Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ indicates the major contribution from crustal origin, whereas the NSS contribution to the total Cl− and SO42− was from the anthropogenic source. The principle component analysis (PCA) indicates that the first factor (i.e., natural sources, mainly dust and sea salts) has only ~ 9% variance. In contrast, the second factor (i.e., fossil fuel and biomass burning) has ~ 17% variance, and the third factor has 27% variance may be due to soil, agricultural, and biomass burning origin. The rest of the contributions are from mixed emission sources as well as by the transport of polluted air mass from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Punjab Rajasthan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. This manuscript helps to understand the impact of crustal and anthropogenic sources in rainwater over the central Himalaya region of Uttarakhand.
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Abbreviations
- AMBT:
-
Air mass back trajectory
- APs:
-
Air pollutants
- AWS:
-
Automatic weather station
- EC:
-
Electrical conductivity
- EF:
-
Enrichment factor
- EIR:
-
Equivalent ionic ratio
- FSI:
-
Forest Survey of India
- HNBGU:
-
Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University
- HYSPLIT:
-
Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory
- IGP:
-
Indo-Gangetic Plain
- LRT:
-
Long-range transport
- MON:
-
Monsoon
- NF:
-
Neutralization factor
- NH:
-
National highway
- NOAA:
-
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- NSS:
-
Non-sea salt
- NSSF:
-
Non-sea salt fraction
- PCA:
-
Principle component analysis
- PCC:
-
Pearson correlation coefficient
- PSCF:
-
Potential source contribution function
- RW:
-
Rainwater
- SS:
-
Sea salt
- SSF:
-
Sea salt fraction
- SW:
-
Seawater
- VWM:
-
Volume-weighted mean
- WMO:
-
World Meteorological Organization
- WOA:
-
Weak organic acids
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Director, IITM, for their guidance and unstinted support for this study. ASG thanks Prof Annpurna Nautiyal, Vice-Chancellor, HNBGU, Srinagar, Garhwal Uttarakhand, Head, Department of Physics, HNBGU, Srinagar, for encouragement and providing the necessary infrastructure facility for this study.
Funding
The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Earth Sciences (Government of India) for providing financial support for Cloud-Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX). ASG is also thankful to the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, for funding support under Climate Change Programme (CCP), SPLICE Division, Department of Science, New Delhi-110 016 (DST/CCP/Aerosol/83/2017(G).
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Bisht, D.S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, V. et al. High-Altitude Air Pollutants Monitored from Rainwater Chemistry in the Central Himalaya. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 392 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05855-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05855-8