Abstract
The natural gross radioactivity concentrations in drinking water collected from the Reyhanlı District, Hatay, were measured. The gross alpha/beta radioactivity levels were measured in August 2021. A proportional counter was used to determine gross alpha/beta radioactivity levels in drinking waters. The activity levels of gross alpha/beta in drinking waters ranged from 0.001 ± 0.000 to 0.020 ± 0.002 Bq/L and 0.015 ± 0.003 to 0.715 ± 0.126 Bq/L, respectively, according to results obtained from the activity measurements. The results of the gross beta radioactivities were found reasonably high compared to the results of the gross alpha activity levels. The measured gross alpha/beta activity concentrations are smaller than the 0.5-Bq/L and 1-Bq/L limit values recommended by WHO and EPA. The annual effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk parameters were calculated using gross alpha/beta radioactivity concentrations.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
Data sharing not applicable.
References
Avwiri, G. O., Osimobi, J. C., & Ononugbo, C. P. (2016). Gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations and committed effective dose due to intake of water in solid mineral producing areas of Enugu State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physics and Applications, 8(1), 33–43.
AS 2550.5. (1990). Australian Standard, Waters-Part 5 Determination of Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activities. Standards Association of Australia
APHA/AWWA/WEF. (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed.). American Public Health Association.
Bal, S. Ş, Gönültaş, F., & Kılıç, Ö. (2017). Determination of the gross alpha and the gross beta radioactivity concentration on spring waters in Bitlis. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science and Engineering, 17(1), 34–37. https://doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.50751
Bello, S., Nasiru, R., Garba, N. N., & Adeyemo, D. J. (2020). Annual effective dose associated with radon, gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in drinking water from gold mining areas of Shanono and Bagwai, Kano state, Nigeria. Microchemical Journal, 154, 104551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104551
Bonotto, D. M. (2019). Gross alpha/beta radioactivity and radiation dose in thermal and non-thermal spas groundwaters. Heliyon, 5(5), e01563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01563
Brenner, D. J., Doll, R., Goodhead, D. T., Hall, E. J., Land, C. E., Little, J. B., Lubin, J. H., Preston, D. L., Preston, R. J., Puskin, J. S., Ron, E., Sachs, R. K., Samet, J. M., Setlow, R. B., & Zaider, M. (2003). Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: Assessing what we really know. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(24), 13761–13766. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2235592100
Caridi, F., & Belmusto, G. (2021). Gross alpha and beta radioactivity evaluation in drinking water: Results from the Calabria Region, Southern Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research, 15, 695–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-021-00341-1
Degerlier, M., & Karahan, G. (2010). Natural radioactivity in various surface waters in Adana, Turkey. Desalination, 261(1–2), 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.05.020
Doğru, M., & Külahci, F. (2004). Iso-radioactivity curves of the water of the Hazar Lake, Elazig, Turkey. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 260(3), 557–562. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JRNC.0000028214.13461.91
EC. (2001). Commission recommendation of 20 December 2001 on the protection of the public against exposure to radon in drinking water supplies. Official Journal of the European Communities, L344, 85–87.
Fasae, K. P., Ibikunle, K. S., & Akinkuade, S. T. (2015). Gross alpha and beta activity concentration in portable drinking water in Ado-Ekiti metropolis and the committed effective dose. International Journal of Advanced Research in Physical Sciences, 2(1), 1–6.
Fernandez, J. F., Lozano, J. C., & Gomez, J. M. G. (1992). Natural radionuclides in ground water in Westerm Spain. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 45, 227–229. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/45.1-4.227
Gado, A. A., Muthukumar, M., Gwani, M., Jonathan, L. A., Kazuga, S., Umar, A. B., Jafar, A. B., & Anbazhagi, M. (2018). Determination of gross alpha, beta radioactivity in sachet drinking water. Research Journal of Physical Sciences, 6(3), 1–7.
Günoğlu, K. (2018). Assessment of lifetime cancer risk due to natural radioactivity in the stones in the Central Anatolia Region, Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 11(7), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3807-9
ICRP (1994). Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides. Part 2: Ingestion dose coefficients. Annals of the ICRP 23(3/4). ICRP Publication 67.
ICRP (1996). Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides. Part 5: Compilation of ingestion and inhalation dose coefficients. Annals of the ICRP 26(1). ICRP Publication 72.
ICRP (2007). The 2007 Recommendations of the International. Commission on Radiological Protection. Annals of the ICRP Publication 103. Oxford, UK:Pergamon
ISO 9696 (1991). Water quality-measurement of gross alpha activity in non-saline water-thick source method. International Standard 9696. International Organization for Standardization.
ITS. (2009). Drinking water standards, TSE-266. Institute of Turkish Standards.
Kleinschmidt, R. I. (2004). Gross alpha and beta activity analysis in water-A routine laboratory method using liquid scintillation analysis. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 61(2–3), 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.03.004
Khan, A. R., Rafique, M., Rahman, S. U., Basharat, M., Shahzadi, C., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Geo-spatial analysis of radon in spring and well water using kriging interpolation method. Water Supply, 19, 222. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.070
Kırıs E. (2020). Radioactivity levels and radiation health hazards in medicinal plants used in Rize Province, Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, in press, https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1760859
Küçükönder, E. (2010). Determination of the gross radioactivity in drinking water of Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 285, 589–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-010-0559-8
Nuccetelli, C., Rusconi, R., & Forte, M. (2012). Radioactivity in drinking water: Regulations, monitoring results and radiation protection issues. Annali Dell’istituto Superiore Di Sanità, 48(4), 362–373. https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_12_04_04
NHMRC/ARMCANZ (2001). Australian drinking water guidelines 1996-update 2001. National Water Quality Management Strategy Paper No. 6, National Health and Medical.
Ogundare, F. O., & Adekoya, O. I. (2015). Gross alpha and beta radioactivity in surface soil and drinkable water around a steel processing facility. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 8(3), 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.02.009
Oğuz, F., Yücel, B., & Arıkan, İ. H. (2013). Environmental Radioactivity Atlas of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey Atomic Energy Agency (TAEA)
Osmond, J. K., & Ivanovich, M. (1992). Uranium-series disequilibrium: Applications to earth, marine, and environmental sciences (p. 2). Clarendon Press.
Özseven, A., & Akkurt, İ. (2022). Evaluation of gross-alpha and gross-beta activity concentrations and assessment of excess lifetime cancer risk in waters of Eğirdir Lake, Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, in press, https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1822352
PIC (2000). Vista 2000. Version 2. Protean Instrument Corporation
Pintilie, V., Ene, A., Georgescu, L. P., Moraru, L., & Iticescu, C. A. (2016). Measurements of gross alpha and beta activity in drinking water from Galati Region, Romania. Romanian Reports in Physics, 68(3), 1208–1220.
Qureshi, A. A., Tariq, S., Din, K. U., Manzoor, S., Calligaris, C., & Waheed, A. (2014). Evaluation of excessive lifetime cancer risk due to natural radioactivity in the rivers sediments of Northern Pakistan. Journal of Radiatiation Research and Applied Sciences, 7(4), 438–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2014.07.008
Sajo-Bohus, L., Gomez, J., Capote, T., Greaves, E. D., Herrera, O., Salazar, V. & Smith, A. (1997). Gross alpha radioactivity of drinking water in Venezuela. Journal of environmental radioactivity 35(3), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(96)00056-2
Sang, C., An, W., Sørensen, P. B., Han, M., Hong, Y., & Yang, M. (2021). Gross alpha and beta measurements in drinkable water from seven major geographical regions of China and the associated cancer risks. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 15, 208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111728
Selçuk Zorer, Ö., Ceylan, H., & Doğru, M. (2009a). Determination of heavy metals and comparison to gross radioactivity concentration in soil and sediment samples of the Bendimahi River Basin (Van, Turkey). Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 196(1–4), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9758-0
Selçuk Zorer, Ö., Ceylan, H., & Doğru, M. (2009b). Gross alpha and beta radioactivity concentration in water, soil and sediment of the Bendimahi River and Van Lake (Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 148(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0137-x
Selçuk Zorer, Ö. (2019). Evaluations of environmental hazard parameters of natural and some artificial radionuclides in river water and sediments. Microchemical Journal, 145, 762–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2018.11.035
Söğüt, Ö., Aydın, M. F., Küçükönder, E., Selçuk Zorer, Ö., & Doğru, M. (2010). Measurement of gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations in human tooth. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 101(3), 226–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.11.003
Taşkın, H., Karavus, M., Ay, P., Topuzoglu, A., Hidiroglu, S., & Karahan, G. (2009). Radionuclide concentrations in soil and lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radioactivity in Kirklareli, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 100, 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.10.012
Todorović, N., Nikolov, J., Stojković, I., Hansman, J., Vraničar, A., Kuzmanović, P., Pantić, T. P., Samolov, K. A., Lučić, S., & Bjelović, S. (2020). Radioactivity in drinking water supplies in the Vojvodina region, Serbia, and health implication. Environmental Earth Science, 79, 162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-08904-9
Turhan, Ş. (2019). The natural radioactivity in drinking water by gross alpha and beta measurements and radiological quality assessment. Radiochimica Acta, 108(6), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2019-3175
UNSCEAR. (2000). Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. United Nations Publication, New York, USA.
UNSCEAR (2008). Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Volume I: Sources: Report to the General Assembly and Scientific Annexes A and B. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, New York (NY), USA.
U.S. EPA (1980). Method 900.0: Gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in drinking water. Prescribed Procedures for Measurement of Radioactivity in Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EMSL, EPA/600/4/80/032, Washington, DC, USA.
U.S. EPA (1988). Federal Guideline Report No. 11. Limiting values of radionuclide intake and air concentration and dose conversion factors for inhalation, submersion and ingestion. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 520/l-88–020, Washington, DC, USA.
U.S. EPA (1992). Guidelines for exposure assessment. Federal Register, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 57:(104), 22888–22938
WHO (2006). Guidelines for drinking water quality: incorporating first addendum. vol. 1, recommendations, (3rd ed.), chapter 9: radiological aspects. World Health Organization
WHO. (2015). World Health Statistics 2015. World Health Organization.
WHO (2017). Guidelines for Drinking‑water Quality. Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum, ISBN 978–92–4–154995–0, World Health Organization, Geneva.
WHO (2018). Management of Radioactivity Drinking Water. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Funding
The authors were financially supported by Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University, Scientific Research Projects Unit (Project No: 2019/6–14 D).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Söğüt, Ö., Alnashar, M.S., Eyicil, M. et al. Pollution and Health Risk Evaluations from Gross Radioactivity in Drinking Waters in Reyhanlı District, Hatay. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 309 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05795-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05795-3