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Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Surface Water of a Crater Lake in Southern China

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Abstract

This study continuously monitored the concentrations of five heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd) in the surface water of the famous crater lake in Southern China based on a once a week sampling frequency of four locations from June 2018 to May 2019. The concentrations of these heavy metals and their seasonal variations were discussed by correlating with the lake’s water temperature, pH, and rainfall. The results showed that the weekly Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd concentrations ranged from 0.31 to 1.10 µg/L, 0.10 to 2.03 µg/L, 0.01 to 0.50 µg/L, 0.39 to 2.71 µg/L, and 0.00 to 0.86 µg/L, respectively. The mean annual metal concentrations of lake water were in decreasing order of Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd and within the permissible levels of national water quality guidelines. There was no significant seasonal variation in the heavy metal concentration between the wet and dry seasons. However, except for Cr, the other metals’ mean concentrations were slightly higher in the wet season than the dry season, likely due to rainfall-related inputs. Based on correlation analysis, water temperature and pH may have influenced the concentrations of Zn and Cu, respectively, while the concentration of both metals was not affected by rainfall and showed high fluctuations throughout the sampling period, suggesting airborne related dust source inputs. Conversely, Pb concentration was influenced mainly by rainfall and temperature and is likely rain-related source inputs. Meanwhile, the negative correlation between the Cr concentration and pH value of lake water suggests that Cr is mainly derived from sediments. In contrast, the Cd concentration is not related to these factors as its content is generally a reflection of background value. Finally, the characteristics of these five heavy metals in this closed hydrological system of the Huguang Maar Lake suggest that atmospheric deposition and weathering-related inputs are important in evaluating heavy metal concentration levels in a close lake system for sustainable protection of its ecosystem.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the administration of the Huguangyan Maar Lake for free entrance permission to collect water samples and to the Zhanjiang Meteorological Bureau for accessing the regional meteorological data.

Funding

This study was funded by the Special Talent Support Program of Guangdong Ocean University (No. R17001), the Project of Marine Geochemistry and Climate Change of Guangdong Ocean University (No. 002026002004), and the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (No. 2018GXNSFBA050049).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China

    Grace A. Abarike, Sibo Wang, Liu Yaoqian, Yongqian Han & Zhiguang Song

  2. Research Group for Marine Geochemistry (ICBM-MPI Bridging Group), Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl Von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany

    Grace A. Abarike

  3. Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Environmental Change and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, China

    Cao Xing Xing

  4. Zhanjiang Meteorological Bureau, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China

    Wen Bin

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  1. Grace A. Abarike
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  2. Sibo Wang
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  3. Cao Xing Xing
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  4. Liu Yaoqian
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  6. Wen Bin
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  7. Zhiguang Song
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Grace A. Abarike, Sibo Wang, Yongqian Han, and Cao Xing Xing. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Grace A. Abarike and revised by Zhiguang Song. Rainfall data was collected by Wen Bin. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Zhiguang Song.

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Highlights

Five heavy metal concentration of a crater lake water was continuously monitored for 1 year.

These metal concentrations fluctuated weekly but showed no significant seasonal variation.

Heavy metals Zn, Cu, and Pb are originated mainly from atmospheric wet and dust deposition.

Only the metal Cr is influenced by the pH value of the lake, while metal Cd falls in the background level.

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Abarike, G.A., Wang, S., Xing Xing, C. et al. Heavy Metal Concentrations in the Surface Water of a Crater Lake in Southern China. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 208 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05683-w

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