Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Quality Status of Surface Sediments of Lake Ichkeul (NE Tunisia): an Environmental Protected Area and World Heritage Site

  • Published:
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Coastal regions are in general subject to a high environmental impact, even in areas under environmental protection, such as the Lake Ichkeul located in northeastern Tunisia (N Africa) and the southern Mediterranean Sea. It is a Ramsar site, Biosphere Reserve, and World Heritage Site, but since the 1980s, this area has been threatened by the construction of dams on the main rivers which has been causing a negative impact on this ecosystem. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the assessment of the sediment quality of Lake Ichkeul and the surrounding catchment areas. The work is based on the analysis of granulometric, mineralogical, and geochemical data (total organic carbon and elemental concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn, and Fe) in 19 surface sediment samples. The results allowed observing that the bottom of Lake Ichkeul consists of muddy sediments with high contents of phyllosilicates, quartz, and calcite and moderate organic matter contents. The high contents of fine sediments and phyllosilicates are mainly related to the weak currents in the lake, the characteristics of the watershed (natural influence), and the presence of dams (anthropogenic influence). Sandy sediments and high organic matter content were found at the mouth of most of the surrounding streams, suggesting that fine particles are transported in suspension and introduced into the lake as well as organic materials from the watershed that surround it. The spatial distribution and toxicity assessment based on the SQGs for the analyzed elements indicate the presence of high levels of metals in several sectors of the study area. In addition, it suggests that the trace elements might originate from different sources, namely municipal wastewater discharges close to the southeast sector and from agricultural fields in front Doumiss stream and Melah stream, which also load organic matter. The results suggest that the metal pollution of the lake was a result of runoff from the streams and dams, which allows us to deduce that it may develop into an increasing environmental degeneration due to its natural function and the different contributions of the watersheds that flow to it.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The analyzed data was included in this work.

References

  • Adams, M. S., & Stauber, J. L. (2008). Marine whole sediment toxicity tests for use in temperate and tropical Australian environments: Current status. Australian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 14, 155–167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Affouri, H., & Sahroui, O. (2017). The sedimentary organic matter from a Lake Ichkeul core (far northern Tunisia): Rock-Eval and biomarker approach. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 129, 248–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.01.017.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aikpokpodion, P. E., Lajide, L., & Aiyesanmi, A. F. (2010). Heavy metals contamination in fungicide treated cocoa plantations in Cross River state, Nigeria American-Eurasian. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Science, 8(3), 268–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ANPE. (2009). Rapport sur le suivi Scientifique au Parc National de L’Ichkeul Année 2007–2008. http://www.anpe.nat.tn. Accessed January 2012.

  • Apitz, S.E., Barbanti, A., Bocci, M., Carlin, A., Montobbio, L., Bernstein, A.G. (2007). The sediments of the Venice Lagoon (Italy) evaluated in a screening risk assessment approach: Part I-application of international sediment quality guidelines. Integrative  Environment Assessment Management, 3:393–414. 10.1897/1551-3793(2007)3[393:TSOTVL]2.0.CO;2.

  • BCEOM. (1995). Étude pour la sauvegarde du Parc National de l’Ichkeul. Rapport de 3e partie. Mesures et études spécifiques. 421 p. Ministère de l’Environnement et de l’Aménagement du Territoire, ANPE, BCEOM, Tunis.

  • Ben M’Barek, N., Slim-Shimi, N. (2002). Evolution des parmètres physico-chimiques des eaux du lac Ichkeul après la réalisation des aménagements hydrauliques (Tunisie). Proceedings of International Symposium and Workshop on Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Management 7–10 January 2002, Tunis (EPCOWM’2002), pp 20–27 (in French).

  • Ben Salem, F., Ben Said, O., Mahmoudi, E., Duran, R., & Monperrus, M. (2017). Distribution of organic contamination of sediments from Ichkeul Lake and Bizerte Lagoon. Tunisia,Marine Pollution Bulletin, 123(1–2), 329–338.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Béjaoui, B., Salem, H., Basti, L., Feki-Sahnoun, W., Dahmani, S., Canu, D., Benabdallah, S., Blake, R., Norouzi, H., & Solidoro, C. (2022). Hydrology, biogeochemistry and metabolism in a semi-arid Mediterranean Coastal Wetland Ecosystem. Research Square.https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1278908/v1

  • Bhuiyan, M. A., Parvez, L., Islam, M. A., Dampare, S. B., & Suzuki, S. (2010). Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173(1), 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.085.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bo, L., Wang, D., Li, T., Li, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, C., Zhang, S. (2015). Accumulation and risk assessment of heavy metals in water, sediments, and aquatic organisms in rural rivers in the Taihu Lake region, China.  Environmental Science and  Pollution Research 22(9):6721–6731. 10.1007/s11356-014-3798-3.

  • Boussen, S., Abdelaziz, S., Soubrand-Colin, M., Bril, H., Chaabani, F., & Abdeljaoued, S. (2010). Mobilization of lead-zinc rich particles from mine tailings in northern Tunisia by aeolian and run-off processes. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 181(5), 459–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brik, B., Aydi, A., Riahi, C., Sdiri, A., & Regeya, K. (2018). Contamination levels and vertical distribution of trace metals with application of geochemical indices in the sediment cores of the Bizerte Lagoon-Ichkeul lake complex in northeastern Tunisia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11, 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3382-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burdige David, J. (2007). Geochemistry of marine sediments. Princeton University.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Carrie, J., Sanei, H., Goodarzi, F., Stern, G., & Wang, F. (2007). Characterization of organic matter in surface sediments of the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada. International Journal of Coal Geology, 77, 416–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chamley, H. (1969). Intérêt de l’étude chiffrée des minéraux argileux par diffraction des rayons X pour la connaissance des paléoclimats. Exemple des sédiments de Méditerranée nord-occidentale. Colloque sur les méthodes analytiques par rayonnements X, Montpellier, compte rendu des séances; p 99-106.

  • Ciazela, J., Siepak, M., & Wojtowicz, P. (2018). Tracking heavy metal contamination in a complex river-oxbow lake system: Middle Odra Valley, Germany/Poland. Science of the Total Environment, 616–617, 996–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deng, Y., White, G.N., Dixon, J.B. (2009). Soil mineralogy laboratory manual. Published by the authors, eleventh ed. Department of Soil and Crop Sciences. Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas, pp. 77843e82474.

  • Dlala, M. (1995). Evolution géodynamique et tectonique superposées en Tunisie implications sur la tectonique récente et la sismicité. Thèse Doctor Etat es-science Géology University Tunis II, Faculty Science Tunis.

  • Droghini, E., Annibaldi, A., Prezioso, E., Tramontana, M., Frapiccini, E., De Marco, R., et al. (2019). Mercury content in Central and Southern Adriatic Sea sediments in relation to seafloor geochemistry and sedimentology. Molecules, 24, 4467. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24244467.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Zrelli, R., Yacoubi, L., Wakkaf, T., Castet, S., Grégoire, M., Mansour, L., et al. (2021). Surface sediment enrichment with trace metals in a heavily human-impacted lagoon (Bizerte Lagoon, Southern Mediterranean Sea): Spatial distribution, ecological risk assessment, and implications for environmental protection. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 169,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112512.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes, L., Nayak, G. N., Ilangovan, D., & Borole, D. V. (2011). Accumulation of sediment, organic matter and trace metals with space and time, in a creek along Mumbai coast, India. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 91, 388–399.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Filgueiras, A. V., Lavilla, I., & Bendicho, C. (2004). Evaluation of distribution, mobility and binding behavior of heavy metals in surficial sediments of Louro River (Galicia, Spain) using chemometric analysis: a case study. Science of the Total Environment, 330, 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.038.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folk, R. L., & Ward, W. C. (1957). Brazors rivers bars, a study in the significance of grains size parameters. Journal of Sedimentology Petrology, 27, 3e27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes-Cid, A. (2015). Leaf litter degradation in highly turbid transitional waters: preliminary results from litter-bag experiments in the Gironde Estuary. Geodinamica Acta, 27(1), 60–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14, 975–1001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halecki, W., Kruk, E., & Ryczek, M. (2018). Estimations of nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus flux and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) as indicators of surface-erosion processes using an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) based on geomorphological parameters in mountainous catchments. Ecology Indications, 2018(91), 461–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.03.072.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamdi, N., Touihri, M., & Charfi, F. (2012). Ecological diagnosis of the Ichkeul national park (Tunisia) after dams building: The case of water birds. Review Ecology-Terre Vie, 67, 41–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollis, G.E. (1986). The modelling and management of the internationally important wetland at Garaet el Ichkeul, Tunisia. IWRB Special Publication No. 4. IWRB, Slimbridge.

  • Hübner, R., Astin, K. B., & Herbert, R. J. H. (2009). Comparison of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for the assessment of metal contamination in marine and estuarine environments. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 11, 713–722. https://doi.org/10.1039/B818593J.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jemmali, N., Souissi, F., Carranza, E. J. M., & Vennemann, T. W. (2012). Mineralogical and geochemical constraints on the genesis of the carbonate-hosted Jebel Ghozlane Pb-Zn deposit (Nappe Zone, Northern Tunisia). Resource Geology, 63(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2012.00208.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khiari, N., Atoui, A., Khalil, N., Charef, A., Aleya, L. (2017). Dynamics of sediments along with their core properties in the Monastir-Bekalta coastline (Tunisia, Central Mediterranean). Journal of African Earth Sciences 134, 320_331. 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.06.028.

  • Kuriata-Potasznik, A., Szymczyk, S., & Skwierawski, A. (2020). Influence of cascading river–lake systems on the dynamics of nutrient circulation in catchment areas. Water, 12, 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kingsford, R. T. (2000). Ecological impacts of dams, water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia. Austral Ecology, 25(2), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01036.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, F., Huang, J., Zeng, G., Yuan, X., Li, X., Liang, J., & Bai, B. (2013). Spatial risk assessment and sources identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Dongting Lake, Middle China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 132, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.05.007.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., & Yao, J. (2015). Estimation of transport trajectory and residence time in large river–lake systems: Application to Poyang Lake (China) using a combined model approach. Water, 7, 5203–5223. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7105203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, E. R., MacDonald, D. D., Smith, S. L., & Calder, F. D. (1995). Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Management, 19, 81–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lv, J., Zhang, Z., Li, S., Liu, Y., Sun, Y., & Dai, B. (2014). Assessing spatial distribution, sources, and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Nansi Lake. Eastern China. Journal of Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry, 299(3), 1671–1681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-013-2883-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmood, K. (1987). Reservoir sedimentation: Impact, extent, mitigation. World Bank Technical Paper Number 71 World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martins, M. V. A., Mane, M. A., Frontalini, F., Santos, J. F., Silva, F. S., & Terroso, D. (2015). Early diagenesis and clay mineral adsorption as driving factors of metal pollution in sediments: The case of Aveiro Lagoon (Portugal). Environmental Science Pollution Royal, 22(13), 10019–10033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4185-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martins, V., Dubert, J., Jouanneau, J. M., Weber, O., & Silva, E. F. (2007). A multiproxy approach of the Holocene evolution of shelf–slope circulation on the NW Iberian Continental Shelf. Marine Geology, 239, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.11.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meybeack, M., Horowitz, A. J., & Grosbois, C. (2004). The geo-chemistry of Seine River Basin particulate matter: Distribution of an integrated metal pollution index. Sci. Tot. Environment, 328, 219–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, P., & Suess, E. (1979). Productivity, sedimentation rate and sedimentary organic matter in the oceans. 1. Organic carbon preservation. Deep-Sea Research, 26 A, 1347–1362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naifar, I., Pereira, F., Zmemla, R., Bouaziz, M., Elleuch, B. (2018), Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in marine sediments of the southern coast of Sfax, Gabes Gulf, Tunisia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Elsevier,131(PartA),pp.53-62. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.048.

  • Noronha-D’Mello, C. A., & Nayak, G. N. (2015). Geochemical characterization of mangrove sediments of the Zuari estuarine system, West coast of India. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 167, 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.09.011.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouakad, M. (1982). Evolution sédimentologique et caractères géochimiques des dépôts récents de la Gareat El Ichkeul (Tunisie Septentrionale). Thèse 3ème cycle University Perpignan, 166p.

  • Ouakad, M. (2007). Genèse et évolution des milieux laguno-lacustres du nord-est de la Tunisie (Garaet Ichkeul, Lagunes de Bizerte er Ghar el Melh). Thèse Doctor Es. Science Géology, University Tunis el Manar. pp 453.

  • Ouchir, N., Aissa, L. B., Boughdiri, M., & Aydi, A. (2016). Assessment of heavy metal contamination status in sediments and identification of pollution source in Ichkeul Lake and rivers ecosystem, northern Tunisia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9, 539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2560-1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouni, H., Sousa, M. C., Ribeiro, A. S., Pinheiro, J., Ben M’Barek, N., Tarhouni, J., et al. (2020). Numerical modeling of hydrodynamic circulation in Ichkeul Lake-Tunisia. Energy Reports, 6(1), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.08.044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ouni, H., Kawachi, A., Irie, M., Ben M’Barek, N., Hariga-Tlatli, N., & Tarhouni, J. (2019). Development of water turbidity index (WTI) and seasonal characteristics of total suspended matter (TSM) spatial distribution in Ichkeul Lake, a shallow brackish wetland. Northern-East Tunisia. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78, 228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8126-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remor, M.B., Sampaio, S.C., Model, K.J., Falco, T.D., Prudente, V.H.R. (2018). Mercury in the sediment of Pelotas river basin, Brazil. Engenharia Agrícola, 38(1), 117-123. 10.1590/1809-4430.

  • Rivière, A. (1952). Expression analytique générale de la granulométrie des sédiments meubles. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, 61, 155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivière, A. (1953). Méthode d’interprétation des granulométries des sédiments meubles. Rev. Inst. Fr. du P_etrole Ann. des Combust. Liq., 8, 102e1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, J. A., & Edgington, D. N. (1975). Determination of recent sedimentation rates in Lake Michigan using Pb-210 and Cs-137. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 39, 285–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouvier, H. (1985). Géologie de l’Extrême Nord Tunisien: tectonique et paléogéographie superposées à l’extrémité orientale de la chaîne nord-maghrébine. Serv. Géol. Tunisie (eds), Ann. Mines Géol. Tunisie, 29, 1–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spagnoli, F., De Marco, R., Dinelli, E., Frapiccini, E., Frontalini, F., & Giordano, P. (2021). Sources and metal pollution of sediments from a coastal area of the Central Western Adriatic Sea (Southern Marche Region, Italy). Applied Science, 11, 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, A. C., & Battarbee, R. W. (1991). Palaeoecological and documentary records of recent environmental change in Garaet el Ichkeul: A seasonally saline lake in NW Tunisia. Biological Conservation, 58, 275–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, R. A. (2000). Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu. Hawaii Environment Geology, 39, 611e627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamisier, A., Boudouresque, C.H. (1994). Aquatic bird populations as possible indicators of seasonal nutrient flow at Ichkeul Lake, Tunisia. Hydrobiologia 279/280: 149–156. Kerekes JJ (ed) Aquatic Birds in the Trophic Web of Lakes. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Belgium.

  • Tomlinson, D., Wilson, J., Harris, C., & Jeffrey, D. (1980). Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Meeresun, 33(1–4), 566–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toumi, H., Abidli, S., & Bejaoui, M. (2019). Microplastics in freshwater environment: The first evaluation in sediments from seven water streams surrounding the lagoon of Bizerte (Northern Tunisia). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 14673–14682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04695-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trabelsi, Y., Gharbi, F., El Ghali, A., Oueslati, M., Samaali, M., Abdelli, W., Baccouche, S., Ben Tekaya, M., Benmansour, M., Mabit, L., Ben M’Barek, N., Reguigui, N., Abril, J.M. (2012). Recent sedimentation rates in Garaet El Ichkeul Lake, NW Tunisia, as affected by the construction of dams and a regulatory sluice. Journal Soils Sediments 12: 784–796. 10.1007/s11368-012-0496-y.

  • Tsuneda, S., Mikami, M., Kimochi, Y., & Hirata, A. (2005). Effect of salinity on nitrous oxide emission in the biological nitrogen removal process for industrial wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 119(1–3), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.10.025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turekian, K., & Wedepohl, K. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72, 175e192.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. (2009a). Biosphere reserve information Tunisia, Ichkeul. UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory. http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp.

  • UNESCO. (2009b). List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites and Ramsar wetlands. UNESCO MAB biosphere reserves directory. http://www.unesco.org/mab/doc/brs/brs_ramsar_whc.pdf.

  • Vaidyanathan, G. (2011). Dam controversy: Remaking the Mekong. Nature, 478, 305–307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdes, J., Vargas, G., Sifeddine, A., Ortlieb, L., & Guinez, M. (2005). Distribution and enrichment evaluation of heavy metals in Mejillons Bay (23 S), Northern Chile: Geochemical and statistical approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 1558–1568.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakkaf, T., El Zrelli, R., Kedzierski, M., Balti, R., Shaiek, M., Mansour, L., et al. (2020). Characterization of microplastics in the surface waters of an urban lagoon (Bizerte lagoon, Southern Mediterranean Sea): Composition, density, distribution, and influence of environmental factors. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111625.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wen, Z., Song, K., Liu, G., Shang, Y., Hou, J., Lyu, L., & Fang, C. (2019). Impact factors of dissolved organic carbon and the transport in a river-lake continuum in the Tibet Plateau of China. Journal of Hydrology, 579,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wijaya, A. R., Ouchi, A. K., Tanaka, K., Cohen, M. D., Sirirattanachai, S., Shinjo, R., & Ohde, S. (2013). Evaluation of heavy metal contents and Pb isotopic compositions in the Chao Phraya River sediments: Implications for anthropogenic inputs from urbanized areas, Bangkok. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 126–127, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.12.009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, W., Gao, Q., He, C., Shi, Q., Hou, Z. Q., & Zhao, H. Z. (2020). Using ESI FT-ICR MS to characterize dissolved organic matter in salt lakes with different salinity. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54(20), 12929–12937. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01681.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, H.Z., Shen, J., Liu, E.F., Wang, J.J., Meng, X.H. (2011). Assessment of nutrients and heavy metals enrichment in surface sediments from Taihu Lake, a eutrophic shallow lake in China. Environment Geochemistry Health 33(1):67–81. 10.1007/s10653-010-9323-9.

  • Yazidi, A., Saidi, S., Ben Mbarek, N., & Darragi, F. (2017). Contribution of GIS to evaluate surface water pollution by heavy metals: Case of Ichkeul Lake (Northern Tunisia). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 134, 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.06.009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaaboub, N., Martins, M. V. A., Terroso, D., Helali, M. A., Béjaoui, B., El Bour, M., et al. (2017). Geochemical and mineralogical fingerprints of the sediments supply and early diagenetic processes in the Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia). Journal of Sedimentary Environments, 1(4), 440–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zairi, M. (1997). Impact de la gestion des eaux du nord et de l’activité industrielle correspondante sur le biotope du lac Ichkeul. UNESCO, Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Education, la Science et la Culture. Programme sur l’Homme et la Biosphère (MAB). 117p.

  • Zarei, I., Pourkhabbaz, A., & Khuzestani, R. B. (2014). An assessment of metal contamination risk in sediments of Hara biosphere reserve, southern Iran with a focus on application of pollution indicators. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(10), 6047–6060. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3839-x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H., Jiang, Y. H., Ding, M. J., & Xie, Z. L. (2017). Level, source identification, and risk analysis of heavy metal in surface sediments from river-lake ecosystems in the Poyang Lake. China. Environment Science Pollution Reseach, 24(27), 21902–21916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9855-y.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, F., Guo, H. C., & Hao, Z. J. (2007). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in Hong Kong’s marine sediments and their human impacts: A GIS-based chemometric approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 1372–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.05.017.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was undertaken as a part of the IMAS-Ichkeul project (USAID fund). It is the result of collaboration between the INSTM (National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology) with the ANPE (National Agency for Environment Protection).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Carthage, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology (INSTM), Marine Environment Laboratory, LR16INSTM04, 2025, Salammbô, Tunisia

    Bochra Brik, Béchir Béjaoui & Noureddine Zaaboub

  2. Association Méditerranée Action Nature, 1 Rue d’Istanbul, 7000, Bizerte, Tunisia

    Moez Shaiek

  3. Thetis-Conseil, 1 Rue d’Istanbul, 7000, Bizerte, Tunisia

    Moez Shaiek

  4. University of Carthage, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology (INSTM), Marine Biodiversity Laboratory, 2025, Salammbô, Tunisia

    Lamia Trabelsi

  5. Faculty of Science of Bizerte, Carthage University, Jarzouna, 7021, Bizerte, Tunisia

    Kamel Regaya

  6. Faculty of Letters, Arts and Humanities, Geomatic and Geosystems Research Unit UR 11E S411, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia

    Kamel Regaya

  7. Agence Nationale de Protection de l’Environement (ANPE), Tunis, Tunisia

    Nabiha Ben Mbarek

  8. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Faculdade de Geologia, Av. São Francisco Xavier, 24, sala 2020A, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-013, Brazil

    Maria Virgínia Alves Martins

  9. GeoBioTec, Departamento de Geociências, Campus de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Maria Virgínia Alves Martins

Authors
  1. Bochra Brik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Moez Shaiek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lamia Trabelsi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kamel Regaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nabiha Ben Mbarek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Béchir Béjaoui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Maria Virgínia Alves Martins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Noureddine Zaaboub
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Bochra Brik: conceptualization, investigation, writing original draft preparation; Moez Shaiek: writing, methodology, and formal analysis; Kamel Regaya: mineralogical and granulometric contribution; Lamia Trabelsi: conceptualization, writing, and review; Nabiha Ben Mbarek: review the work; Béchir Béjaoui: hydrodynamic impact contribution; Maria Virgínia Alves Martins: conceptualization, methodology, writing, review, and editing; Noureddine Zaaboub: review, editing, and updating data.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bochra Brik.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval

The authors followed the ethical standards.

Consent for Publication

The authors give explicit consent to submit this article for review and publication.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 6

Table 6 Percentage of: coarse fraction (sand >63 μm) and fine fraction (< 63 μm), namely silt (63–2 μm) and clay (<2 μm), clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and smectite), non-clay minerals (quartz, calcite, feldspars, dolomite, gypsum), and total organic carbon in surface sediment of the Lake Ichkeul and its adjacent streams
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brik, B., Shaiek, M., Trabelsi, L. et al. Quality Status of Surface Sediments of Lake Ichkeul (NE Tunisia): an Environmental Protected Area and World Heritage Site. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 260 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05648-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05648-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation