Abstract
Significant attention has been devoted over the past two decades to research and field applications of zerovalent iron (ZVI) technologies for groundwater remediation. The uncertainty of ZVI effectiveness under complex subsurface environment will affect the application of ZVI remedial techniques. The effects of groundwater common anions Cl−, SO42−, and HCO3− on CCl4 degradation by sponge ZVI were investigated through batch experiments. The surface structure and composition of ZVI before and after reaction were determined by SEM-EDS, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cl−, SO42−, and HCO3− promoted the degradation of CCl4 with the order of HCO3− > SO42− > Cl−. HCO3− enhanced the effect of ZVI on CCl4 degradation as a buffer and an oxidant providing cathodic reaction; SO42− dissolved the hydroxide on the ZVI surface to promote the degradation; and Cl− accelerated the degradation rate by pitting corrosion on the ZVI surface. After reaction, the iron oxides on ZVI surface were FeOOH and Fe2O3 in Cl−, SO42− system and the FeOOH was the only iron oxide in HCO3− system. The results suggest that the performance of ZVI will be affected by the composition of field groundwater.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel-Samad, H., & Watson, P. R. (1997). An XPS study of the adsorption of chromate on goethite (α-FeOOH). Applied Surface Science, 108(3), 371–377.
Agrawal, A., Ferguson, W. J., Gardner, B. O., Christ, J. A., Bandstra, J. Z., & Tratnyek, P. G. (2002). Effects of carbonate species on the kinetics of dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane by zero-valent iron. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(20), 4326–4333.
Bae, S., & Lee, W. (2014). Influence of riboflavin on nanoscale zero-valent iron reactivity during the degradation of carbon tetrachloride. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(4), 2368–2376.
Bautista, P., Mohedano, A. F., Menendez, N., Casas, J. A., & Rodriguez, J. J. (2010). Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of cosmetic wastewaters with Fe-bearing catalysts. Catalysis Today, 151(1), 148–152.
Bi, E., Bowen, I., & Devlin, J. F. (2009). Effect of mixed anions (HCO3−-SO42−-ClO4−) on granular iron (Fe0) reactivity. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(15), 5975–5981.
Blowes, D. W., Ptacek, C. J., Benner, S. G., McRae, C. W. T., Bennett, T. A., & Puls, R. W. (2000). Treatment of inorganic contaminants using permeable reactive barriers. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 45, 123–137.
Devlin, J. F., & Allin, K. O. (2005). Major anion effects on the kinetics and reactivity of granular iron in glass-encased magnet batch reactor experiments. Environmental Science & Technology, 39(6), 1868–1874.
Dominguez, C. M., Rodriguez, V., & Montero, E. (2019). Methanol-enhanced degradation of carbon tetrachloride by alkaline activation of persulfate: Kinetic model. Science of the Total Environment, 666, 631–640.
Ferguson, J. F., & Pietari, J. M. H. (2000). Anaerobic transformations and bioremediation of chlorinated solvents. Environmental Pollution, 107(2), 209–215.
Gotpagar, J., Lyuksyutov, S., Cohn, R., & Bhattacharvva, D. (1999). Reductive dehalogenation of trichloroethylene with zero-valent iron: surface profiling microscopy and rate enhancement studies. Langmuir, 15(24), 8412–8420.
Grosvenor, A. P., Kobe, B. A., Biesinger, M. C., & Mclntyre, N. S. (2004). Investigation of multiplet splitting of Fe 2p XPS spectra and bonding in iron compounds. Surface and Interface Analysis, 36(12), 1564–1574.
Gu, B., Liang, T. J., Dickey, M. J., Roh, Y., Kinsall, B. L., Palumbo, A. V., & Jacobs, G. K. (1999). Biochemical dynamics in zero-valent iron columns: implications for permeable reactive barriers. Environmental Science & Technology, 33(13), 2170–2177.
Guan, X., Sun, Y., Qin, H., Li, J., Lo, I. M. C., & Dong, H. (2015). The limitations of applying zero-valent iron technology in contaminants sequestration and the corresponding countermeasures: the development in zero-valent iron technology in the last two decades (1994–2014). Water Research, 75, 224–248.
Han, B., Zhu, X., Pei, Z., & Liu, X. (2011). Transport of carbon tetrachloride in a karst aquifer in a northern city, China. In M. Stoytcheva (Ed.), Pesticides in the modern world-risks and benefits (pp. 553–570). Rijeka: IntechOpen.
Hernandez, R., Zappi, M., & Kuo, C. H. (2004). Chloride effect on TNT degradation by zerovalent iron or zinc during water treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(19), 5157–5163.
Jeen, S. W., Gillham, R. W., & Blowes, D. W. (2006). Effects of carbonate precipitates on long-term performance of granular iron for reductive dechlorination of TCE. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(20), 6432–6437.
Klausen, J., Ranke, J., & Schwarzenbach, R. P. (2001). Influence of solution composition and column aging on the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by zero-valent iron. Chemosphere, 44(4), 511–517.
Lefevre, E., Bossa, N., Wiesner, M. R., & Gunsch, C. K. (2016). A review of the environmental implications of in situ remediation by nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI): behavior, transport and impacts on microbial communities. Science of the Total Environment, 565, 889–901.
Li, X., & Zhang, W. (2006). Iron nanoparticles: the core-shell structure and unique properties for Ni (II) sequestration. Langmuir, 22(10), 4638–4642.
Li, X., & Zhang, W. (2007). Sequestration of metal cations with zerovalent iron nanoparticles a study with high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS). Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111(19), 6939–6946.
Li, H., Wan, J., Ma, Y., Huang, M., Wang, Y., & Chen, Y. (2014). New insights into the role of zero-valent iron surface oxidation layers in persulfate oxidation of dibutyl phthalate solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 250, 137–147.
Liu, Y., Phenrat, T., & Lowry, G. V. (2007). Effect of TCE concentration and dissolved groundwater solutes on NZVI-promoted TCE dechlorination and H2 evolution. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(22), 7881–7887.
Phenrat, T., Schoenfelder, D., Losi, M., Yi, J., Peck, S. A., & Lowry, G. V. (2009). Treatability study for a TCE contaminated area using nanoscale-and microscale-zerovalent iron particles: reactivity and reactive life time. In C. L. Geriger & K. M. Carvalho-Knighton (Eds.), Environmental Applications of Nanoscale and Microscale Reactive Metal Particles (pp. 183–202). Washington DC: American Chemical Society.
Qiao, J., Song, Y., Sun, Y., & Guan, X. (2018). Effect of solution chemistry on the reactivity and electron selectivity of zerovalent iron toward Se(VI) removal. Chemical Engineering Journal, 353, 246–253.
Reardon, E. J. (1995). Anaerobic corrosion of granular iron: measurement and interpretation of hydrogen evolution rates. Environmental Science & Technology, 29(12), 2936–2945.
Scherer, M. M., Balko, B. A., Gallagher, D. A., & Tratnyek, P. G. (1998). Correlation analysis of rate constants for dechlorination by zero-valent iron. Environmental Science & Technology, 32(19), 3026–3033.
Su, Y., Hsu, C. Y., & Shih, Y. (2012). Effects of various ions on the dechlorination kinetics of hexachlorobenzene by nanoscale zero-valent iron. Chemosphere, 88(11), 1346–1352.
Sun, Y. P., Li, X., Cao, J., Zhang, W., & Wang, H. P. (2006). Characterization of zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 120, 47–56.
Sun, Y., Li, J., Huang, T., & Guan, X. (2016). The influences of iron characteristics, operating conditions and solution chemistry on contaminants removal by zero-valent iron: a review. Water Research, 100, 277–295.
Sun, Y., Hu, Y., Huang, T., Li, J., Qin, H., & Guan, X. (2017). Combined effect of weak magnetic fields and anions on arsenite sequestration by zerovalent iron: kinetics and mechanisms. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(7), 3742–3750.
Temesghen, W., & Sherwood, P. M. (2002). Analytical utility of valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of iron and its oxides, with spectral interpretation by cluster and band structure calculations. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 373(7), 601–608.
Zawaideh, L. L., & Zhang, T. C. (1998). The effects of pH and addition of an organic buffer (HEPES) on nitrate transformation in Fe0-water systems. Water Science and Technology, 38(7), 107–115.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, X., Han, B. & Feng, Q. Common Anions Affected Removal of Carbon Tetrachloride in Groundwater Using Granular Sponge Zerovalent Iron. Water Air Soil Pollut 231, 138 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04494-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04494-1