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Effects of Groundwater Nitrate and Sulphate Enrichment on Groundwater-Fed Mires: a Case Study

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Abstract

Mires and peatlands in general are heavily influenced by anthropogenic stressors like acidification, eutrophication, desiccation and fragmentation. Groundwater-fed mires are, in contrast to rainwater-fed mires, often well protected against desiccation due to constant groundwater discharge. Groundwater-fed mires can however be influenced by groundwater pollution such as groundwater nitrate enrichment, a threat which has received minor attention in literature. The present case study demonstrates how groundwater nitrate enrichment can affect the biogeochemical functioning and vegetation composition of groundwater-fed mires through direct nitrogen enrichment and indirect nitrate-induced sulphate mobilisation from geological deposits. Biogeochemical and ecohydrological analyses suggest that the Dutch groundwater-fed mire studied is influenced by different water sources (rainwater; groundwater of local and regional origin) with differing chemical compositions. The weakly buffered and nitrate-enriched groundwater leads, where it reaches the uppermost peat, to nitrogen enrichment, enhanced isotopic nitrogen signatures and altered the vegetation composition at the expense of characteristic species. Nitrate-induced sulphate mobilisation in the aquifer led to enhanced sulphate reduction, sulphide toxicity and elemental sulphur deposition in the mire. Despite sulphate reduction and nitrate enrichment, internal eutrophication did not play an important role, due to relatively low phosphorus concentrations and/or low iron-bound phosphorus of the peat soil. Future management of groundwater-fed mires in nitrate-polluted aquifers should include the reduction of nitrate leaching to the aquifer at the recharge areas by management and ecohydrological restoration measures on both a local and landscape scale.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge J. Graafland, R. Kuiperij, J. Claas, C. Bufe, B. Zhu, M. Poelen, N. Hofland, J. Loermans, M. Houtekamer, P. van Breugel, P. van der Ven and J. Eijgensteijn for assistance in the field and the laboratory. We acknowledge Natuurmonumenten for their permission to carry out research on the Brunssummerheide and M. Mouthaan, L. Wortel, C. Burger and C. Geujen for assistance in the field and field relevant information. C. Fritz was funded by FACCE-JPI ‘Peatwise’ (NWO grant number ALW.GAS.4).

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  1. J. Wolters

    Present address: Department of Biology, Ecosystem Management Research Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1C, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium

Authors and Affiliations

  1. B-WARE Research Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 6558, 6503 GB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    G. van Dijk, J. Wolters & A. J. P. Smolders

  2. Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    G. van Dijk, C. Fritz, A. P. Grootjans & A. J. P. Smolders

  3. Centre for Energy and Environmental Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 6, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands

    C. Fritz & A. P. Grootjans

  4. Royal HaskoningDHV, P.O Box 302, 6199 ZN, Maastricht-Airport, The Netherlands

    H. de Mars

  5. Bargerveen Foundation, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    G. J. van Duinen

  6. Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    K. F. Ettwig

  7. Vereniging Natuurmonumenten, Postbus 9955, 1243 ZS, ’s Graveland, The Netherlands

    N. Straathof

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van Dijk, G., Wolters, J., Fritz, C. et al. Effects of Groundwater Nitrate and Sulphate Enrichment on Groundwater-Fed Mires: a Case Study. Water Air Soil Pollut 230, 122 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4156-3

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