Abstract
Industrial synthesis processes produce high concentration of hazardous organic pollutants into water body, which must be removed before being discharged. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) using heterogeneous catalysts has been widely utilized for wastewater treatment. Here, RuO2-based catalyst was synthesized by a general impregnation method and used to oxidize phenol by peroxymonosulfate (PMS) as an oxidant in aqueous solution. The properties of this supported catalyst were characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscopy), XRD (powder X-ray diffraction), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption. The mesoporous Al2O3 support had large surface area and high thermal stability. It is found that ruthenium oxide-based catalyst is highly effective to activate PMS to related sulfate radicals. The effects of catalyst loading, phenol concentration, PMS concentration, reaction temperature, and reusability of the as-prepared catalyst on phenol degradation have been investigated. Overall, our findings demonstrate that in RuO2/Al2O3 mesoporous catalyst, Oxone (PMS) is effectively activated, and 100% phenol degradation occurs in 60 min. To regenerate the deactivated catalyst and improve its catalytic properties, three different methods involving annealing in air, washing with water, and applying ultrasonics were used. The catalyst was recovered thoroughly by heating treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agustina, T. E., Ang, H., & Vareek, V. (2005). A review of synergistic effect of photocatalysis and ozonation on wastewater treatment. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 6(4), 264–273.
Anbia, M., & Amirmahmoodi, S. (2011). Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions using functionalized SBA-15 as a nano-sorbent. Scientia Iranica, 18(3), 446–452.
Anbia, M., & Ghaffari, A. (2009). Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions using carbon nanoporous adsorbent coated with polymer. Applied Surface Science, 255(23), 9487–9492.
Anipsitakis, G. P., & Dionysiou, D. D. (2003). Degradation of organic contaminants in water with sulfate radicals generated by the conjunction of peroxymonosulfate with cobalt. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(20), 4790–4797.
Anipsitakis, G. P., & Dionysiou, D. D. (2004). Radical generation by the interaction of transition metals with common oxidants. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(13), 3705–3712.
Anipsitakis, G. P., Dionysiou, D. D., & Gonzalez, M. A. (2006). Cobalt-mediated activation of peroxymonosulfate and sulfate radical attack on phenolic compounds. Implications of chloride ions. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(3), 1000–1007.
Anipsitakis, G. P., Stathatos, E., & Dionysiou, D. D. (2005). Heterogeneous activation of oxone using Co3O4. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109(27), 13052–13055.
Cao, S., Yeung, K. L., Kwan, J. K., To, P. M., & Samuel, C. (2009). An investigation of the performance of catalytic aerogel filters. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 86(3), 127–136.
Carrier, M., Besson, M., Guillard, C., & Gonze, E. (2009). Removal of herbicide diuron and thermal degradation products under catalytic wet air oxidation conditions. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 91(1), 275–283.
Chen, X., Chen, J., Qiao, X., Wang, D., & Cai, X. (2008). Performance of nano-Co3O4/peroxymonosulfate system: kinetics and mechanism study using Acid Orange 7 as a model compound. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 80(1), 116–121.
Gallezot, P., Chaumet, S., Perrard, A., & Isnard, P. (1997). Catalytic wet air oxidation of acetic acid on carbon-supported ruthenium catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 168(1), 104–109.
Gao, C., Lin, Y.-J., Li, Y., Evans, D. G., & Li, D.-Q. (2009). Preparation and characterization of spherical mesoporous CeO2−Al2O3 composites with high thermal stability. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 48(14), 6544–6549.
Hu, L., Yang, X., & Dang, S. (2011). An easily recyclable Co/SBA-15 catalyst: heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate for the degradation of phenol in water. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 102(1), 19–26.
Khalil, K. M. (2007). Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous ceria/alumina nanocomposite materials via mixing of the corresponding ceria and alumina gel precursors. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 307(1), 172–180.
Li, D., Wu, C., Tang, P., & Feng, Y. (2014). In situ synthesis and properties of ZSM-5/α-Al2O3 composite. Materials Letters, 133, 278–280.
Liu, W.-M., Hu, Y.-Q., & Tu, S.-T. (2010). Active carbon–ceramic sphere as support of ruthenium catalysts for catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of resin effluent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 179(1), 545–551.
Lu, M., Yao, Y., Gao, L., Mo, D., Lin, F., & Lu, S. (2015). Continuous treatment of phenol over an Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 226(4), 1–13.
Melero, J., Calleja, G., Martínez, F., Molina, R., & Pariente, M. (2007). Nanocomposite Fe2O3/SBA-15: an efficient and stable catalyst for the catalytic wet peroxidation of phenolic aqueous solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 131(1), 245–256.
Mijangos, F., Varona, F., & Villota, N. (2006). Changes in solution color during phenol oxidation by Fenton reagent. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(17), 5538–5543.
Minh, D. P., Gallezot, P., & Besson, M. (2006). Degradation of olive oil mill effluents by catalytic wet air oxidation: 1. Reactivity of p-coumaric acid over Pt and Ru supported catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 63(1), 68–75.
Muhammad, S., Saputra, E., Sun, H., Ang, H.-M., Tadé, M. O., & Wang, S. (2013). Removal of phenol using sulphate radicals activated by natural zeolite-supported cobalt catalysts. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 224(12), 1–9.
Muhammad, S., Shukla, P. R., Tadé, M. O., & Wang, S. (2012). Heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulphate by supported ruthenium catalysts for phenol degradation in water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 215, 183–190.
Rao, P. M., Wolfson, A., Kababya, S., Vega, S., & Landau, M. (2005). Immobilization of molecular H3PW12O40 heteropolyacid catalyst in alumina-grafted silica-gel and mesostructured SBA-15 silica matrices. Journal of Catalysis, 232(1), 210–225.
Saputra, E., Muhammad, S., Sun, H., Ang, H. M., Tadé, M. O., & Wang, S. (2012). Red mud and fly ash supported Co catalysts for phenol oxidation. Catalysis Today, 190(1), 68–72.
Shukla, P., Fatimah, I., Wang, S., Ang, H., & Tadé, M. O. (2010a). Photocatalytic generation of sulphate and hydroxyl radicals using zinc oxide under low-power UV to oxidise phenolic contaminants in wastewater. Catalysis Today, 157(1), 410–414.
Shukla, P., Sun, H., Wang, S., Ang, H. M., & Tadé, M. O. (2011a). Co-SBA-15 for heterogeneous oxidation of phenol with sulfate radical for wastewater treatment. Catalysis Today, 175(1), 380–385.
Shukla, P., Sun, H., Wang, S., Ang, H. M., & Tadé, M. O. (2011b). Nanosized Co3O4/SiO2 for heterogeneous oxidation of phenolic contaminants in waste water. Separation and Purification Technology, 77(2), 230–236.
Shukla, P., Wang, S., Singh, K., Ang, H., & Tadé, M. O. (2010b). Cobalt exchanged zeolites for heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of phenol in the presence of peroxymonosulphate. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 99(1), 163–169.
Shukla, P. R., Wang, S., Sun, H., Ang, H. M., & Tadé, M. (2010c). Activated carbon supported cobalt catalysts for advanced oxidation of organic contaminants in aqueous solution. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 100(3), 529–534.
Wang, S. (2008). A comparative study of Fenton and Fenton-like reaction kinetics in decolourisation of wastewater. Dyes and Pigments, 76(3), 714–720.
Yalfani, M. S., Contreras, S., Medina, F., & Sueiras, J. (2009). Phenol degradation by Fenton’s process using catalytic in situ generated hydrogen peroxide. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 89(3), 519–526.
Zhang, W., Tay, H. L., Lim, S. S., Wang, Y., Zhong, Z., & Xu, R. (2010). Supported cobalt oxide on MgO: highly efficient catalysts for degradation of organic dyes in dilute solutions. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 95(1), 93–99.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Research Council of Iran University of Science and Technology (Tehran) and Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) for the financial support to this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Anbia, M., Rezaie, M. Synthesis of Supported Ruthenium Catalyst for Phenol Degradation in the Presence of Peroxymonosulfate. Water Air Soil Pollut 227, 349 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-3047-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-3047-0